106 INTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 



kind precedes the ordinary stomach, which from its 

 structure Cuvier denominates a second stomach or giz- 

 zard a ; Posselt improperly calls it Cardia b ; and by 

 Ramdohr it is named the plaited-stomach (Falten-ma- 

 gen c ). It is a short fleshy part consisting of two skins, 

 placed above the opening of the stomach, and perhaps 

 rather belongs to the gullet. The inner skin is formed 

 into longitudinal folds, and sometimes armed with horns, 

 teeth, or bristles. Its cavity is very small and com- 

 pressed, so as to admit only small masses of food, and 

 yet present them to a wide surface for the action of the 

 teeth or bristles ; in this stomach therefore, as in the 

 gizzard of birds, to which it seems clearly analogous d , 

 the food is more effectually comminuted and rendered 

 fit for digestion. The muscles, by which its action 

 upon the food is supported, in some species amount to 

 many thousands 6 . Rudiments of a gizzard are some- 

 times found concealed in the gullet of many insects f . 

 The idea of Swammerdam, Cuvier, &c. that grasshop- 

 pers and other insects that have this kind of stomach, 

 chew the cud ff , Ramdohr affirms is entirely erroneous 11 . 

 Besides its divisions, the stomach has other appendages 

 that require notice. In most Orthoptera, a pair or more 

 of blind intestines or cceca may be found at the point of 

 union of the gizzard with the stomach 5 , which have been 

 regarded as forming a third stomach: they also begin 

 the stomach in the louse k ; they form a coronet round 



* Ami. Comp. iv. 135. Comp. Dr. Kidd in Philos. Trans. 1825. 

 223. t. xv. /. 6, 7. b Ramdohr Anat. 15. 



Ibid. 15. d Ibid. 18. Ibid. f Ibid. 



8 Swamm. Bibl. Nat. i. 94. b. Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 134. 

 h Ubi supr. 18. * Ibid, t. If. 1. e. 5. c. 0. g, h. 



k Ibid. t. xxv. /. 4, bb. 



