INTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 117 



these, usually terminates in an ample crop consisting of 

 many folds a , followed by a long, slender, cylindrical 

 tube, dilated at its base into a spherical tumour ; these 

 two may be said to form the first stomach : to this suc- 

 ceeds a second 5 , which Ramdohr denominates the bug- 

 stomach ( Wanzen-magen\ which varies in its figure, and 

 in Pentatoma consists of four demi-tubes, so as to form a 

 quadrangular canal c . In the Homopterous section of 

 this Order Ramdohr seems to have examined but few ; 

 Chermes however and Aphis exhibit one remarkable fea- 

 ture ; they have no bile-vessels, at least he could discover 

 no trace of these organs d . Their intestinal canal is very 

 simple, their stomach very long, widest above, and some- 

 what convoluted, with a very slender gullet e . In Cer- 

 copis spumaria the structure is more complex, and ex- 

 tremely singular. It has two or rather three stomachs ; 

 the two first of a horny substance, and the last a slen- 

 der somewhat convoluted membranous tube, which be- 

 coming reversed, is attached by what should be deemed 

 its lower extremity to the first stomach, from the other 

 side of which emerge the lower intestines, terminating in 

 a thick pear-shaped rectum. At the same point of the 

 first stomach the four bile-vessels are attached, they 

 grow gradually thicker for about a third of their length, 

 when they become twisted like a cord, and taper towards 

 the rectum, to which also they are attached f . From 

 this structure it should seem that the food has to pass 

 twice through the first stomach, before the process of 

 digestion is complete, and it is rejected at the anus. 



a Ramdohr t. xxii./. 1. c./. 3, 4. B . 



" Ilnd.f. 1. D E.f. 3. CD. 



c Ibid. /.xxii./. 1. D, E.f. 3. C, D.f. 4. C. Ibid. 108. 



1 Ibid. t. xxvi./. 2. 4. f Ibid. I. xxxiii./. 3. 



