INTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 119 



appendage of the gullet a ; and lastly, in the butterfly it 

 appears as a large vesicle b ; the small intestine is grown 

 very long c ; and the rectum has changed its form and ac- 

 quired a ccecum d . When we consider the adaptation of 

 all these changes of form, the loss of old organs and the 

 acquisition of new ones, to the new functions and mode 

 of life of the animal, we see evidently the all-powerful 

 hand of that ALMIGHTY BEING who created the universe, 

 upholding by his providence, and the law that he has 

 given to every creature, the system that he at first brought 

 into existence. 



We now come to the Diptera. These have a very slen- 

 der gullet, to which is attached on one side a long fili- 

 form tube, terminating in the food-reservoir, which in 

 some instances is simple e , but most generally consists of 

 two or more vessels f , collapsing when empty, but vary- 

 ing in shape and size when inflated with food : the mouth 

 of the stomach in many cases is dilated into a kind of 

 rings; sometimes there is on each side a blind appendage 

 or ccecum opening into it, in Bomlylius covered with 

 shags, which though not connected with the mouth by a 

 tube, Ramdohr regards as saliva-reservoirs h ; in Musca 

 vomitoria the beginning of this organ below the mouth 

 is covered with hemispherical prominences, and in Ti- 

 pula it is dilated and marked with transverse folds. There 

 are usually two pairs of bile-vessels ; in the Muscida 

 pedunculate a\\&free " l ; in Tipula, Bombylius, and Leptis, 



PLATE XXX. FIG. 10. * Ibid. FIG. 11. a. c Ibid. c. 



Ibid. d. e Ramdohr, Ibid. t. xx./ 1. E.f. 6. C. 



Ibid. t. xix./. 2. C.f. 3. CCD. t. xx./. 2. E. 



Ibid. t. xix./. 2. D. 



Ibid. t. xx./. 2. FF.f. 6. DD. 184. 180. 



Ibid. t. xix./. 1. ON.f. 2. OP.f. 3. F. t. xxviii,/. 1, 2. p. q. 



