EDUCATION AND HEALTH 91 



this connection, that all similar statements of the city man's 

 income omit certain factors of his income which are very real and 

 very important, and yet cannot be stated in terms of dollars and 

 cents. To turn first to the commoner " public utilities" of the 

 city, which the city man enjoys, and for which he says he pays 

 in the form of taxes or otherwise. 



City versus Country. The city man has the use of city water, 

 sewers and electric lights. For these he pays a certain amount of 

 money, to be sure. But would not any farmer gladly pay, not 

 merely what the city man pays for these services, but at least three 

 times what the city man pays, if these services could be had in his 

 farm house? Few farm homes can afford modern conveniences. 

 A recent rural survey in Iowa 3 listed the following modern con- 

 veniences sometimes found in farm homes: running water; bath 

 tubs; indoor toilets; electric lights; power washing machines; 

 electric irons; furnace heat; refrigerators. While these are very 

 rare in farm houses, they are fairly common in city homes. In 

 favor of the city home may be named the delivery of groceries, 

 of ice, milk, etc., the use of sidewalks, and pavements, street car 

 service, etc. Other attractions furnish the city man a " psychic 

 income," but which can be enjoyed by the country man only at 

 the sacrifice of time and money necessary to bring him to the city. 

 These attractions include the theater, opera, concerts, amusements, 

 moving picture shows, lectures, clubs, libraries, art galleries, 

 museums, etc. 



Education and Health. But far more important than any of 

 these factors are two others, namely, medical aid and education. 

 The country child cannot secure an education in the country. 

 The few country children who do go on with their schooling beyond 

 the pathetic " education" they secure in the " little red school 

 house," usually do so only through some sacrifice on the part of 

 their parents, such as renting a temporary home in the city (thus 

 maintaining two homes at a financial sacrifice), or such as paying 

 for the board and room of the child in the city (thus seeing with 

 anguish of heart a child of tender years go from the protecting 

 shelter of the home, that he may enjoy the education that is free 

 to the city child). The factor also of medical attention must not 

 be forgotten in this connection. It is certainly well known that 

 hospitals are not found in the country; that medical aid when sum- 

 bulletin No. 184, Iowa State College of Agriculture, "A Rural Social 

 Survey of Orange Township, Blackhawk County, Iowa." December, 1918, 

 by George H. von Tungeln. 



