DIVISION OF LABOR 375 



for their city trade which does not figure in the above calculations, 

 not entering into interstate commerce. The five large companies 

 own and operate packing houses at the following points : Chicago, 

 Kansas City, South Omaha, St. Joseph, St. Louis and East St. 

 Louis, South St. Paul, Fort Worth, New York, Sioux City, Los 

 Angeles, Denver, Oklahoma City, Portland (Oregon), Cleveland, 

 Andalusia (Alabama), Moultrie (Georgia), Harrisburg, Milwaukee, 

 Albert Lea, Wichita. The advantages of large-scale production 

 in meat packing are evidenced in five ways, namely, division of 

 labor, utilization of by-products, better transportation and market 

 distribution, better inspection and grading, and the number of 

 "side lines" economically carried. The final economic test of the 

 big packers is : Do they function economically in getting the live 

 stock of the West to the cities of the East? 



(1) Division of Labor. Slaughtering on the farm or at the 

 butcher shop is commonly done by two men. In this way two men 

 can butcher two animals in ten hours. But in the big packing 

 house the work is done by a "gang" consisting of about 150 men, 

 who in ten hours handle more than a thousand cattle. In other 

 words, by increasing the size of the gang seventy-five fold the 

 packers increase the output five hundred fold. For instance, in a 

 large Chicago packing plant a gang of 157 men, by the minute 

 division of labor in use there, were able to handle in a typical 

 working day of ten hours 1050 cattle. The work was divided as 

 follows: 1 general foreman; 1 foreman over yard gang; 1 driver up; 



2 penners; 2 knockers; 2 shacklers; 1 hanger off for shackler; 

 1 squeezing blood from beds; 1 switcher onto heading beds and 

 putting up heads; 1 throwing down heads; 1 pritcher up; 1 dropper; 

 1 pritcher up helper; 1 sticker; 3 headers; 1 ripper; 4 leg breakers; 



3 feet skinners; 1 gullet raiser; 7 floormen; 1 breast sawyer; 1 aitch 

 sawyer; 2}/ caul pullers; 2 putting in hooks to hoists for fell cutter; 

 1 floor squeezer; 1 washing crutches and bellies; 4 fell cutters; 

 1 cutting out bladders; 2 rumpers; 1 rump helper and drop hide 

 feller; 2 backers; 4 splitters; 1 back and rump hand; 1 washing 

 hind shanks; 1 ripping tails and cutting out; 1. pulling tails; 2}/ 

 gutters; 2 throwing down guts and paunches; 3 tail sawyers; 2 

 hanging off from splitter; 3 beating out fells; 1 helper sawing tails 

 and ripping open; 2 neck splitters; 1 tallow lot man; 1 trucking 

 feet; 1 trucking up hocks; 1 hanging up hooks; 2^ clearing out; 

 3 dropping hides; washing gang as follows: 1 foreman; 1 trimmer; 

 1 wiper; 1 putting in neck and kidney cloths; 1 scribe sawyer; 1 

 hoseman ; 1 washing shanks ; 1 switchman ; 3 washing ribs and necks 



