THE FARMER AT HOME. 



441 



point that will again cause them to work parallel with the centre 

 beam, and at equal distances from each other. To these are fitted 

 several sets of different teeth and scarifiers of wrought and cast iron. 

 There is also one pair of teeth calculated to work in the rear, formed 

 like small plough shares, turning the furrows in opposite directions. 

 They can be so placed as to turn the furrows to or from the rows of 

 vegetables. If the forward teeth are used at the same time, both 

 together finely pulverise the soil. The cultivator is made to expand 

 from two to five feet. A man and a horse will do the labor of half a 

 dozen men in a cornfield, and far better than it can be done with 

 a hoe. 



UNIVERSAL CULTIVATOR. 



URINE. This is the fluid excrement of animals, and is produced 

 by the action of the kidneys on the blood. In birds and reptiles, the 

 substances composing the urine are solid, and are voided in their dung. 

 All urine contains the essential elements of vegetables in a state of 

 solution ; but the various species of urine from different animals, differ 

 in their constituents ; and the urine from the same animal alters when 

 any material change is made in its food, as well as when there is an 

 increased flow of milk. For instance, a cow in milk, when fed on 

 rich food, yields less urine than one which is dry ; and the urine varies 

 in quantity in proportion to the amount of milk she gives. The effi- 

 cacy of it as a fertilizer, depends upon the quantity of solid matter 

 which it holds in solution, upon the r. ature of said matter, and espe- 

 cially upon the rapid changes which the organic part of it is known to 

 undergo. V~ 



As little attention as has generally been paid to the saving of urine, 

 it is one of the most valuable of all manures. That of the cow and 

 hog is said to be more valuable, because it contains more solid soluble 

 matter than that of any other domestic animal. The efficacy of urine 

 as a manure, is owing to the large amount 't>f urea, ammonia, and 

 phosphates, and consequently of nitrogen, which it contains. Recent 

 urine generally exerts an unfavorable influence on vegetation ; it is 

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