358 LXXVIU. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Calendula. 



Stem 12-18 in., corymbosely branched above. Leaves 1-3 in., acute, often hispid 

 on both surfaces. Heads terminal, 2 in. diam. and under ; invol. bracts in., incurved 

 and appressed to the ripe achenes ; ligules many, bright orange yellow, 3-toothed, tube 

 hairy. Achenes longer than the involucre. 



2. C. arvensis, Linn.-, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 418; annual, pubescent, 

 radical leaves subspathulate entire, cauline lanceolate cordate-aniplexicaul sub- 

 entire or toothed, achenes all curved marginal dorsally echinate beaked, inner 

 dorsally muricate. DC. Prodr. vi. 452 ; Sibth. Fl. Grac. t. 920. 



KASHMIR, Stoliczka. DISTKIB. S. Europe, W. Asia. 



Habit of C. qfficinalis, but differing in the sulphur-coloured ligules and beaked 

 achenes. A doubtful native of India. 



TRIBE IX, CYNAROIDEJE. 

 83. ECHINOFS, Linn. 



Thistle-like herbs, with white tomentum. Leaves alternate, pinnatitid, 

 spinous. Heads in globose involucrate balls, blue or white, sesstfe or shortly 

 stipitate on a common receptacle, 1-fld. ; fl. g , all fertile, tube slender, limb with, 

 5 slender segments. Involucre oblong ; bracts oo -seriate, rigid, pungent or some 

 spinescent, outer shorter, inner spathulate, innermost linear or lanceolate, some- 

 times all connate into a tube with one long rigid spine on the outer side ; recep- 

 tacle minute. Filaments glabrous ; anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails 

 short entire or fimbriate. Style-arms thick, and with a thick basal ring, at 

 length spreading. Achenes elongate, usually villous ; pappus crown of many 

 short free or connate bristles. DISTEIB. Species about 70, S. Europe, tropical 

 and N. Africa, and Asia to Japan. 



1. E. echinatus, DC. in Wight Contrib. 24; Prodr. vi. 526; stem 

 branched from the base, branches wide-spreading and leaves beneath white with 

 cottony wool, leaves sessile oblong pinnatifid, lobes triangular or oblong sinuate 

 and spinescent, involucre surrounded by strong white bristles glabrous scaberu- 

 lous villous or cobwebby above, balls 1-1 in. diam. with many stout spines, 

 outer invol. bracts 6-8 oblanceolate glabrous pungent one often spinescent, inner 

 ^ in. long connate tips ciliate, achenes % in. long. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 647 ; Wall. 

 Cat. 2985 ; Dak. $ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 131 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 211. ? E. Grif- 

 fithianus, Boiss. Diagn. 3, ii. 39 ; Fl. Orient, iii. 434. 



UPPER G-ANGETIC PLAIN, NORTH WESTERN HIMALAYA, and the PUNJAB, from Benares 

 westward, ascending to 5000 ft. in Sirmore. BEHAR, SCIND, and the DECCAN. Dis- 

 TRIB. AfFghanistan. 



A much branched spreading rigid annual, 1-2 ft. high, branched from the base. 

 Leaves 35 in. long; spines often l in. Balls of heads white. Involucre in. long,' 

 inner hardening around the obconic silkily villous achene. 



2. E. cornig-erus, DC. Prodr. vi. 525; stem erect simple, branches stout 

 and leaves beneath densely cottony, leaves ovate-oblong or oblong pinnatifid or 

 pinnate cobwebby above, segments deeply lobulate, lobules spinescent, balls 2| 3 

 in. diam. with or without projecting spines, outer invol. bracts narrowly oblan- 

 ceolate glabrous surrounded by bristles 1 in. long, inner connate when ripe in. 

 long, achenes villous narrowly obconic ^ in. long. Clarke Comp. Ind. 211. E. 

 coriarius, Clarke I. c. 212. 



WESTERN HIMALAYA; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 6-9000 ft., Boyle, &c. 

 WESTERN TIBET, alt. 9-13,000 ft., Falconer, Thomson. 



Stem very leafy. Leaves 4-8 in. Balls stoutly peduncled, often without spines. 



