Echinops.] LXXVIII. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) 359 



The erect habit and very large balls and involucres distinguish this at once from E. 

 echinatus. 



3. E. niveus, Wall. Cat. 2986 ; stem erect simple, branches and leaves 

 beneath densely cottony, leaves bipinnatifid, segments narrow with long spines 

 and revolute spinulose margins, balls 3 in. diam. spines usually included, outer 

 invol. bracts oblanceolate spinescent, inner connate when ripe nearly 1 in. long. 

 DC. Prodr. vi. 526; Royle 111 t. 56, f. 1 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 212. 



NORTH WESTERN HIMALAYA ; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 4-8000 ft. 

 The numerous very narrow much divided leaves, which are often recurved, best 

 distinguish this from E. cornigerus. 



84. ARCTIU1VI, Linn. 



Tall coarse erect branched herbs. Leaves alternate or radical, broad, un- 

 divided. Heads terminal, sessile, solitary or fascicled, homogamous ; fl. all 

 similar, $ , fertile, tubular, purplish, limb cylindric 5-fid. Involucre subglobose ; 

 bracts oo -seriate, appressed, tips subulate spreading glochidiate ; receptacle flat, 

 densely bristly. Filaments glabrous; anther-bases ' sagittate ; auricles small, 

 tails setaceous. Style-arms linear with a basal pencil of hairs, or style pubescent 

 below the arms. Achenes oblong, sub-3-quetrous, GO -ribbed, glabrous, shining, 

 truncate, base subequal ; pappus hairs short, copious, serrulate, deciduous sepa- 

 rately. DISTRIB. Species 3 or 4, in temperate Asia and Europe. 



1. A. Lappa, Linn. ; leaves petioled ovate-cordate margins sinuate beneath 

 hoary or glabrate, heads subcorymbose glabrous or cottony, invol. bracts subulate 

 hooked, achenes angled and ribbed grey mottled with black. Wall. Cat. 2928 ; 

 Clarke Comp. Ind. 212. Lappa major, Gaertn., and minor, Schkuhr ; Soiss. Fl. 

 Orient, iii. 457. L. tomentosa, Lamk. 



WESTERN HIMALAYA ; Kashmir to Simla, alt. 6-8000 ft., Falconer, &c. WESTERN 

 TIBET, alt. 11-13,000 ft., Thomson, &c. DISTRIB. Westwards to the Atlantic. 



A tall coarse herb, 2-4 ft. Leaves often 1 ft., usually cottony beneath. Heads 

 f-1^ in. diam., stoutly peduncled ; invol. bracts slender, rigid, angled, spreading ; 

 corolla and stamens purple, styles white. 



85. COUSINIA, Cans. 



Thistle-like herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed lobed or pinnatisect, spinescent. 

 Heads solitary or crowded, rarely corymbose, homogamous ; flowers all similar, 

 (outer rarely neuter), tubular, yellowish white or purple ; limb cylindric, 

 slender, usually unequal, 5-fid. Involucre globose ovoid or oblong; bracts 

 oo -seriate, appressed with long erect spreading or recurved spinous tips, inner 

 erect slender scarious ; receptacle flat, densely bristly. Filaments glabrous ; 

 anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails branched or villous. Style-arms 

 narrow, short or long. Achenes glabrous, obovate oblong or obpyramidal, 5-oo - 

 ribbed, compressed, basal areole straight; pappus hairs 1-seriate, slender or 

 flattened, simple, free, caducous, rarely 0. DISTKIB. Species about 120, Central 

 and Western Asiatic. 



* Bristles of the receptacle quite smooth. 



1. C. minuta, Soiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 489 ; dwarf, annual, branches spread- 

 ing usually decumbent, leaves sessile membranous hoary and cobwebby oblong 

 or lanceolate sinuate-pinnatifid sparingly spinescent, heads small terminal and 

 in the forks globose, receptacular bristles smooth, invol. bracts 15-20 triangular- 

 lanceolate stout spreading and recurved, flowers yellow, achenes obovoid com- 

 pressed 5-7-angled truncate with a crenulate ring, angles subcrenate. 0. 



