414 LXXYIII. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Sonchus. 



ring. DISTRIB. Species about 24, N. temp, regions and Central Asia, a few 

 spread over the world with cultivation. 



1. S. asper, Till. ; JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 796; annual, glabrous or sparsely 

 glandular above, subumbellately branched, leaves lanceolate ^-amplexicaul with 

 rounded auricles entire or pinuatifidly toothed, heads crowded, achenes com- 

 pressed, faces 3-ribbed obscurely muricate between the ribs. Reichb. Ic. Fl. 

 Germ. t. 1410 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 275. S. ferox, Watt. Cat. 3248. S. oleraceus, 

 Watt. Cat. 3252 F. 



Throughout INDIA; in fields and cultivated places, ascending to 12,000 ft. in tho 

 Himalaya. DISTRIB. All temperate and many tropical countries, wild or introduced. 



By many considered a subspecies of 8. oleraceus. Clarke remarks that in India 

 this flowers from December to April, and S. oleraceus from April to May. 



2. S. oleraceus. Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 795; annual, glabrous or 

 sparsely glandular-hispid, subumbellately branched above, leaves lanceolate 

 ^-amplexicaul with acute auricles entire or pinnatifid, heads crowded, achenes 

 compressed, faces 3-ribbed and muricate between the ribs. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 

 t. 1410, f. 1; Clarke Comp. Ind. 275. S. ciliatus, Lamk.-, Wight Ic. t. 1141. 

 S. Royleanus, Watt. Cat. 3252 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 184. 



Throughout INDIA ; in fields and cultivated places, ascending to 8000 ft. in the 

 Himalaya. DISTKIB. of S. asper. 



3. S. arvensis, Linn.; JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 798; rootstock creeping, 

 stem glabrous tall umbellately branched above, leaves runcinate-pinnatitid 

 spinous-toothed cauline ^-amplexicaul with appressed rounded auricles upper- 

 most linear, heads and peduncles glandular-hispid, achenes narrow subconi- 

 pressed with thick regular ribs on each face. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1412 ; 

 Clarke Comp. Ind. 276. S. Wightianus, DC. Prodr. vii. 187; Wight Ic. t. 

 1142. S. orixensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 402. S. Wallichiana, DC. I. c. 185. S. 

 longifolius, Wall. Cat. 3251. 



Throughout INDIA ; wild and in cultivated places, scarce in the plains, common in 

 the Khasiaand Himalaya, ascending to 8000 ft. DISTRIB. of S. asper. 



4. S. maritimus, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 797 ; perennial, glabrous, 

 glaucous, rootstock creeping, stem sparingly branched above, leaves linear- 

 oblong quite entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed, cauline ^-amplexicaul with 

 acute auricles, heads few peduncled glabrous, achenes ellipsoid subcompressed 

 margins thickened faces with a thick middle rib and 2 more slender lateral ones. 

 Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1413 ? S. arvensis, ft Clarke Comp. Ind. 276. 



The PUNJAB ; Peshawur, Stewart. DISTKIB. Westwards to the Atlantic. 



118. LAUNJEA, Cast. 



(MlCRORHYNCHUS, LeSS.} 



Perennial glabrous herbs, with yellow (always?) juice. Leaves chiefly 

 radical, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, margins often spinulose-toothed. Heads 

 peduncled or lateral and sessile on the branches, racemose or paniculate, or 

 solitary or fascicled, yellow, homogamous"; fl. all ligulate. Involucre campanu- 

 late or cyliudric ; bracts GO -seriate, herbaceous, margins often membranous, inner 

 subequal, outer various, keel often thickened in fruit ; receptacle flat, naked. 

 Anther-bases sagittate, auricles setaceous. Style-arms slender. Achenes narrow, 

 subterete angled or slightly flattened, rarely winged, truncate at both ends or 

 rarely emarginate ; ribs 4-5 very stout, close-set, smooth papillose or uarrowly 

 winged or 2-grooved, truncate at each end ; pappus copious, hairs oc -seriate 



