OX-EYE DAISY 57 



Marguerites are commonly 2 ft. in height. The flowers may be 

 gathered in June and July. The plant is perennial, increased by divi- 

 sion of roots. 



The flowerhead is large and conspicuous, 40 mm. across. The 

 plant is gynomonoecious, the ray florets female, the disk florets com- 

 plete. The ray florets are ligulate, the disk florets tubular. In the 

 disk, 12-15 mm. across, there are 300 to 500 florets. The corolla 

 is 3 mm. long. The ray florets are 20 to 25, and possess functionless 

 stamens. The ray florets have a white external ligule, 14-18 mm. 

 long and 3-6 mm. broad. 



The throat of the disk florets is short, hardly i mm., and the honey 

 is therefore accessible to short-lipped insects. In the male stage the 

 pollen rises above the toothed corolla, in the second or female stage 

 the stigmas take the place of the anthers, and are projecting. When 

 an insect crawls across the capitulum it therefore cross-pollinates many 

 florets. Spreading hairs on the style form a tuft which sweeps the 

 pollen out of the tube as the style grows longer. Two separate broad 

 rows of papilla; border the style below the tip, and pollen lies on 

 the outer edges, so that self-pollination results if the pollen is not 

 removed by insects, and when they do not visit the flower it regularly 

 occurs. 



The plant is visited by insects, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, 

 and Coleoptera. 



The fruits are aided in their dispersal by the wind, being light and 

 flattened. 



The Marguerite is essentially a sand-soil lover. It may be found, 

 however, on clay soil to some extent also, growing on sandy loam. 



Phytomyza affinis mines the leaves. Three beetles, Ceutorhynckus 

 caiupestns, Longitarsus fai'i's, Mantura chrysanthemi; two moths, 

 Sciaphila wahlbomiana, Bucailatrix auriniaculella; a Homopterous 

 insect, Aphalara picta; and the flies Tephritis leontodontis, Spilo- 

 grapha artcmisia, S. Zocc, Chromatomyia a/biceps, all feed upon it. 



Chrysanthemum is from the Greek words, c/irysos, gold, and anthos, 

 flower. Leucanthemum, Dioscorides, is from the Greek leucos, white, 

 anthos, flower. 



The Ox-eye Daisy is called White Bothen, Bozzom, Caten-aroes, 

 Cow's Eyes, Daisy (Big, Bull, Butter, Devil's, Dog, Dun or Dunders, 

 Field, Great, Horse, London, Midsummer, Moon, Ox-eye, Poor-land, 

 Thunder), Daisy Goldins, Large Dicky Daisy, Dog-flower, Espibawn, 

 Gadgevraw, Gadjerwraws, Girt Ox Eye, White Gold, Goode, Gowan 

 (Horse, Large, \Vhite), White Gowlan, White Gull, Horse-pennies, 



