22 



for six months ; that is the maximum requirement of the period of culti- 

 vation ; then comes the vintage. This requires the steady employment 

 of 500 men every part of two months, but for three weeks of that period, 

 the demand will be for 700 men. For steady annual employment, but 

 seventy men are required. Here we have a minimum of annual employ- 

 ment equal to seventy men, for the period of cultivation 135 men, and a 

 maximum during the vintage of 700 men. The maximum is ten times 

 the minimum in this case. There are about 200,000 acres of bearing 

 vineyard in this State. Carrying the proportions derived from an exhibit 

 of the great vineyard into the entire vineyard interests of the State, and 

 the 200,000 acres of vineyard in this State would give us annual employ- 

 ment for 3,500 men. It will at once be seen that if grape-growing was 

 the sole industry of the State, the 3,500 men who would find in it steady 

 employment, would be the only available labor for the vintage, and they 

 would be grossly inadequate. As has already been shown, the vintage 

 requires ten times as marfy men as the industry affords annual employ- 

 ment. It would be impossible to have the labor of nine men available 

 for a few months in the vintage season for one man who might find 

 steady employment. The value of a diversified industry comes into 

 view, and with the accession of populations, industries become more 

 diversified. In this way, history has repeated itself in every State of 

 this Union. The statistics of employments in every State show an 

 increase of diversity exactly proportioned to the volume of population. 

 In their early history, and when population was sparse, in the western 

 states of Indiana, Illinois, etc., the great staples of wheat, corn and 

 pork were the objects of cultivation. Some of these states have a history 

 of over eighty years ; they have completed eight decades ; and the testi- 

 mony of eight census ascertainments declare unmistakably that as their 

 populations have increased, the diversity of employments has corres- 

 pondingly augmented. With us the diversity of field culture enables us 

 to achieve our present measure of success, but we are under serious dis- 

 advantage with respect of labor. This disadvantage, however, is rapidly 

 passing away, but the existing condition plainly invites intelligent 

 industry. For the past ten years the conditions of the labor market have 

 been growing better. The influx of the Chinese has been permanently 

 and effectively arrested. The increase of manufactures, which accom- 

 panies the growth of the State, offers with the lapse of each year more 

 steady and more profitable employment to labor. 



AREA, POPULATION AND IRRIGATION. 



Up to within a comparatively recent period, the territorial area of 

 California was placed at 181,000 square miles, or 115,000,000 acres. A 

 more recent, and perhaps a more accurate demonstration of the fact, 

 places the territorial area at 157,000 square miles, or 100,000,000 acres. 

 Instituting a comparison with some of the older States, and selecting the 



