An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 83 
immigrate, the Eskimo have probably met other inhabitants about the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence. Thus, there are several indications of the Beothuk tribe 
being the residue of a people which has been supplanted by the Eskimo and 
the Abenakies and has possibly had a wider distribution. 
* Although the southern part of Labrador had already been visited by 
Cartier, and although Cazor in 1498 had seen the northern part from Hudson 
Strait, Davis, as a result of his voyage in 1586, was the first to give a detailed 
account of the country. In the 17th and 18th centuries there had been a 
kind of commercial intercourse between the Eskimo and the European 
fishermen and sea] hunters, but it often led to hostility and reciprocal deeds 
of violence. Cartwricut', who himself traded with the Eskimo, says that 
the Eskimo Indians have always been regarded as the most savage tribe in 
the whole of the American continent, and he gives instances of their murders 
and robberies. Not until the Moravian Brethren had begun their missionary 
work did more peaceful and honest trading relations gradually develop. It 
was in 1752 that the Moravian Brethren first visited Labrador, but not 
until 1771 was the first missionary station established, which did not come 
off without blood-shed as the Eskimo regarded it as an attempt of the 
dreaded fishermen to gain a footing in their country. At the present day 
the mission has six stations, which all lie on the north-east coast between 
55° and 59° N. lat.? 
Besides the Eskimo on the north coast there are, according to L. M. 
TURNER, two other groups in Labrador which are less known, of which the 
one lives along the south side of Hudson Strait, west of Ungava Bay, or 
mainly on that coast of Labrador which is situated north of 60° N. lat., 
while the other lives on the east side of Hudson Bay between 53° and 
58° N. lat. 
The Labradors possess the usual implements. The kayak is more 
commonly used on the sea than was the case in Cumberland Sound. During 
the summer, seals and White Whales are pursued from kayaks, and on these 
are found the usual appurtenances known from Greenland, viz., harpoon and 
floats, lances and bird darts*. On journeys the umiak is used; it has not 
become a woman’s boat to so great an extent as it has in Greenland. During 
winter, travelling is facilitated by the use of snow shoes and dog sledges, 
and, judging from TuRNeER’s and Packarp’s descriptions, the dog sledges are 
more especially used for travelling on the frozen waters of the interior than 
on the sea ice. As regards dwellings, according to Turner, the heathen 
Eskimo who live at Ungava Bay use only tents and snow houses. Winter 
houses with stone walls and roofs of timber, the ruins of which are found 
in several places, are no longer used. In 1777, at the Nain of today, Cranz* 
is said to have seen a meeting house, a large snow house, which had a 
1 CartTwRriGut, p. 1 sqq. 
? A.S. Pacxarp, I, p. 275. 
5 L. M. Turner, I, pp. 235 sqq. 
* According to A.S. Packarp, I, p. 254. 
6* 
