er 
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An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 111 
account of their abundance and their wanderings, which wanderings, owing 
to geographical conditions, become highly regular. During spring the reindeer 
wander in herds northwards across Boothia Isthmus, and return again during 
autumn. From Simpson Strait there are records of wanderings over the ice 
to and fro between King William Land and the mainland. In August 1839 
Smreson found the former swarming with reindeer, while Mc. Crinrock in 
May 1859 came across extremely few, which gave him occasion to correct 
Smreson. The explanation may be had from KiurscHaK and GiLpER, who 
in the month of June saw the reindeer wander northwards across the Strait, 
and, in the beginning of October, saw them return again to the mainland. 
According to this description of the natural conditions of the Netchillik 
district there can be no doubt that there must necessarily be two focuses 
for Eskimo settlements, viz., Boothia Isthmus and Simpson Strait. The 
two tribes in question correspond to these two localities: the Netchillirmiut 
to Netchillik and the Ugjulirmiut to Ugjulik near Simpson Strait. The 
separation into these two tribes is owing to the names which the Eskimo 
have given themselves, but most of the expeditions found people from 
Netchillik and from Ugjulik living indiscriminately. Boas is of opinion that 
this state of affairs was not brought about until the destruction of the 
Frankuin Expedition, when the rich booty enticed the Netchillirmiut to the 
west coast of King William Land, which they had not previously been in 
the habit of visiting. This is undoubtedly correct, previously even the Ugju- 
lik Eskimo were not in habit of visiting the ice-blocked west coast of King 
William Land. This is evident from Mc. Curnrock’s observation that, north 
of the south-western point of the island, Cape Crozier (about 100° W. long.), 
all traces of the Eskimo ceased. Towards the south-west, the settlements 
extend along the west coast of the Adelaide Peninsula as far as about 98° W. 
long., where Stmpson, coming from the west, found the traces to become frequent. 
Near the long Sherman Inlet, the Scuwarka Expedition found, in September 
1879, the biggest camp they had met with during the whole of their journey. 
On Boothia Isthmus, knowledge of the coasts extends as far as Bellot Strait, 
and the Netchillik Eskimo have names for the localities on the west and 
Cast coasts, even if they are rarely visited. Hastwards the Netchillik 
Eskimo wander only to the Simpson Peninsula, which, however, does not 
prevent their now and then coming into connection with the Hivillik tribe. 
There is a cultural reason for considering the inhabitants at Hayes 
River and at the numerous rapids in the neighbourhood of the mouth of 
Back River separately. The occurrence of these Eskimo with their mode of 
livelihood is one more proof of the fact that, wherever the locality allows 
of it, an inland tribe is developed which lives by salmon fishing and 
reindeer hunting, and only makes short visits to the coast. The range of 
these Eskimo, Bacx’s Ukusiksillik and Boas’s Ukusiksalirmiut, named after 
- the name which they gave to their country in the presence of Scuwarxka, 
is limited towards the south in 66'/2° N. lat. by the windings of the Back 
River, which so rarely expand into lakes, and it is evidently they who 
