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An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 133 
a couple of new forms the Okhotsk Seal (Phoca ochotensis) and the Ribbon 
Seal (Histriophoca fasciata), of which the latter is only found in the Bering 
Sea. At the coast of the Arctic Ocean and Bering Strait we furthermore find 
the walrus, which, during autumn and spring, undertakes migrations through 
Bering Strait to and from Holy Cross Bay, in which district the animal winters. 
As the place where the two continents approach each other, attention has 
frequently been directed to the Chukche Peninsula when theories of the popula- 
ting of America from Asia have been in question. Here, however, no regard 
will be paid to this. 
Yet in the history of the problem of the origin of the Eskimo Culture, the 
Chukche Peninsula has played a réle, because the mere occurrence of Eskimo 
here at sometime was sufficient reason for many putting their faith in the Asiatic 
origin of the whole people. Nowadays there cannot in reality be any doubt that 
the Asiatic Eskimo have immigrated from America at a relatively late date; but 
for the older theories of migration their presence was one of the points of support. 
Finally the linguistic and cultural conditions of the Chukche Peninsula 
are of such a peculiar and intricate character that with most travellers, expe- 
cially the older ones, they have occasioned errors, and only GERLAND’s acuteness 
cleared up the confusion. More thorough information on the basis of observa- 
tions from sojourns lasting through years we have finally obtained through 
W. Bocoraz, whose large work “The Chukchees”, as a part of the works from 
The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, is edited by F. Boas. 
Linguistically the inhabitants of the Peninsula are divided into two separate 
peoples, Eskimo and Chukches; but as regards culture they fall into three divi- 
sions, because the latter are divided into reindeer nomads and coast inhabi- 
tants, of which the latter live on seal hunting and fishing, like the Eskimo. When, 
thus, the coasts are inhabited partly by Eskimo and partly by Coast Chukches, 
and when, in addition, they are visited every summer until the end of September 
by reindeer nomads with their herds, one can understand how one traveller 
on a visit to the coast might come across Eskimo, while another almost in the 
same place might knock up against a Chukche-speaking group, and from that 
have occasion to distribute the belief that the Eskimo in Asia had succumbed 
to the Chukches. 
On the other hand, other travellers, who have not laid great stress on the 
great linguistic and the lesser cultural divergencies between Coast Chukches 
and Eskimo, have been beguiled into giving these latter a too great distribution. 
Even Grrianp, however, proved that the Eskimo only inhabit the east coast, 
where their scattered villages, which are always placed on the most projecting 
point of the coast, are found between East Cape and Plover Bay. According 
to Bogoraz, there are nine pure Eskimo settlements, two of which lie at Hast 
Cape, and the rest on both sides of Indian Point. Altogether 1200 Eskimo are 
found here. The Eskimo settlements, in this way, change places with the Coast 
Chukche settlements; but when one gets north of East Cape the latter hold sway. 
Along the north coast of Siberia the Coast Chukche settlements are situated 
between East Cape (170° W.long.) and Tschaunbay (170° E.long.). The 
