An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 135 
be conjectured here. With reindeer nomadism these branches of Chukches and 
Koryaks have also obtained a tent dwelling, which, according to JocHELsoN’s 
supposition, is “built after the type of the dwelling of the Asiatic nomads, but 
adapted to the needs of the Arctic climate.” A form of this winter tent is now 
again adopted by Coast Chukches and Asiatic Eskimo~in_place of their former 
earth hut. Bocoraz only found one winter earth hut still in use with the 
Eskimo. Snow houses are not employed. 
With regard to the character of the methods of subsistence the Eskimo form 
is predominant, not only with the Asiatic Eskimo themselves, but also with 
the Coast Chukches who live amongst them, and still further north at the coasts 
of the Arctic Ocean. On the other hand the Eskimo influence is smaller with 
those Coast Chukches who live on the Pacific Coast south of Bering Strait, and 
this holds good in a still lesser degree as regards the Coast Koryaks. These are, 
however, somewhat influenced by the Eskimo; JocuELson is even of opinion 
— from a study of legends — that he can assume that Eskimo and Koryaks 
have once been in direct contact. For the rest they have borrowed in various 
ways from Eskimo culture through the Chukches. A specially characteristic 
example is the kayak. It is not employed at the coast of Bering Sea, and even 
the Eskimo round Indian Point seldom employ it?. But then one finds it quite 
isolated with the Coast Koryaks at Penshina Bay in the Sea of Okhotsk. The 
occurrence must be explained by the fact that the kayak has come here not 
along the coast but along the Penshina River from the Anadyr River, where, 
in the central stream, its employment is regular and important at the autumn 
hunting of the herds of reindeer which swim the river. 
Maupok hunting is carried on in the winter by the Eskimo and the Coast 
Chukches. In the spring, a form of Utok hunting takes place, and during the whole 
of the winter and spring, when there is open water or cracks in the ice which 
can be reached from the coast with the aid of the dog sledge, hunting of seal 
and walrus from the edge of the ice is carried on. On this occasion the kayak 
is employed, and it is also used at the coast of the Arctic Ocean during the sum- 
mer. Sealing-nets are employed during the winter, both vertically along 
cracks or between two breathing holes, and horizontally beneath the breathing 
holes, as at Point Barrow. In the summer, nets are set in open water at places 
where the seals are fond of moving along the shore. On account of the consider- 
able profit which it yields walrus hunting is of special importance here. For- 
merly whale hunting was of importance; ALDRICH? gives a description of whale 
hunting which calls to mind that of the Point Barrow Eskimo. As users of the 
_umiak, the frame of which is of drift-wood and the covering _of walrus hide, 
the Asiatic Eskimo rank high; like the under-mentioned islanders in Bering 
Strait they use sails, and undertake long hunting and trading journeys in umiaks. 
Reindeer. hunting in the interior cannot have the same importance for Coast 
1 Bocoraz saw only one specimen. Lirke (pp. 452—53) found that the 
Eskimo here to the great contempt of his Aleutian travelling companions 
did not understand the handling of a kayak. 
* Atpricu, pp. 56—57. 
