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An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 145 
Of hunting implements Hotmpere observed altogether 6 kinds, the bladder- 
spear, two kinds of spears and harpoons for whales and seals, two sizes of arrows 
for hunting sea-otter and bear, as also the three-four pointed bird-spear. Besides 
being shot from a bow, the bird-spear was thrown with a throwing board, and 
this latter method was exclusively the case with the bladder-spear and the har- 
poons. As material for the implements drift-wood was preferably used, the 
home kinds of wood being found practicable only for building houses. 
-The winter house is an earth house similar to the one at the Yukon, and 
the summer dwelling is the skin-tent of the “Tipi” type. Besides the baidark 
and the baidare (one-man and two-man kayak), the Kadiaks and the neigh- 
bouring tribes on the continent used the umiak, which was at times so large 
that it could hold 30—40 persons. Before the arrival of the Russians it was 
used principally as a war-craft, as war between the tribes at that time was the 
order of the day. The dress was almost similar to that at the Yukon. The Rus- 
sians paid the greatest attention to the long fur coat, the “parka,” which was 
made from the skins of birds, sea-otters or ground-squirrels (Spermophilus sp.), 
and also to the “kamleika” which was of seal-gut, and was used in the kayak. 
As at the Yukon, the “parka”? was without a hood, and as a head covering at 
sea the platted hat was used. 
When the Russians towards the middle of the 18th century began to occupy 
Kadiak, they here found a comparatively numerous Eskimo population. When 
ScuE.ikoy, about 1760, gave the number of inhabitants on the island as 30,000, 
it was, however, evidently an exaggeration. Even if the Russians at the beginning 
behaved rather cruelly and roughly, the population can hardly be assumed to 
have been so high. In 1760 the number is given as 6,206 individuals; but in 
1880 the island had only 1262 Eskimo inhabitants besides some few so called 
creoles. That a great decrease in the population has taken place one must con- 
sider as granted, and also, as regards culture, that so much was lost and changed 
even in the first decades of the intercourse with the Russians that it is difficult 
now to form an exact view of the original conditions. The first Russian authors 
mixed up the Kadiaks and the Aleuts without further ado. Later, when the 
great linguistic difference was perceived, the name Konjag was introduced, 
which is said to be a distortion of the Kadiak’s self-designation “Kanagist1.” 
A few general remarks may be made, however, on the Eskimo culture 
at Kadiak and the neighbouring regions. Firstly that the North-west Indian 
influence is stronger here than at the Yukon. This especially manifests itself 
in the structure of the community, inasmuch as here, as with the North-west 
Indians, we find class distinction, slavery and also a distinct tribe formation 
with chiefs and war expeditions. This influence has manifested itself less in 
the material culture, where it must be looked for in the ornamentation and 
decoration of the implements. The implements themselves are purely Eskimo. 
Of the two characteristic possessions, the “baidare’ and the whale-lance with 
slate head, the first seems to be an original alteration of the kayak, whereas 
1 Bancrort, Vol. I, p. 69. 
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