La a 
An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture. 157 
Eskimo, in the majority of cases, also practise inland fishing and hunting 
during the summer, or to put it more exactly, during a part of the 
summer, while during the rest of the year, the winter included, they 
hunt in kayaks on the open sea. Some Subarctic groups even pursue 
kayak hunting all the year round on the open sea, and special summer 
hunting in the interior has fallen into disuse; but it is evident that this 
is only of exceptional occurrence and due to the fact that access to 
the inland is barred in one way or another, either, for instance, by 
hostile tribes (South Alaska), or by peculiar natural conditions (Green- 
land). Consequently, the apparently simplest instance of the Eskimo 
annual rotation of occupations — viz., kayak hunting all the year round 
— is in reality a matter of simplification and not of primitiveness. 
The difference between the summer and the winter culture is best 
shown in tabular form, but it should be borne in mind that only the 
most typical and important conditions have been considered. The fol- 
lowing is the typical table for the Arctic Eskimo culture. 
/ 
Place of abode| Occupation | jp rina. Dwelling ee 
In the begin- | Hunting on Dog sledge; |In the beginning 
ning of the win-| the sea ice. harpoon. of the winter: 
Winter ........ ter: The coast Earth house. 
land. Later in Later in the 
the winter: winter: Snow 
The sea ice. house. 
Inland. Hunting on | Kayak; lance; Tent. 
Summer...... land and fish- | bow and arrow; 
‘ing in rivers. | salmon spear. 
Originally, } all the Arctic Eskimo doubtless lived during the first part 
of the the Winter in an earth house. The situation of this was not strictly 
connected with the coast, as such; but its situation was dependent on 
two main considerations. Firstly, whether the stores from the sum- 
mer fishing and the autumn hunting of reindeer could be turned to 
account at the place in question, and secondly, whether there was com- 
paratively easy access to the sea ice. Now, however, a great many of 
the Arctic Eskimo in the Archipelago appear to have discarded the 
earth house and to have moved direct from the tent to the snow house 
which is now also used during the first part of the winter, while they 
live on what they have stored away during the summer and autumn. 
It is a period of the year which often has the character of being a festive 
season, if the supplies are ample, and a comparatively large number 
of people are gathered together. Later, when hunting on the sea ice 
begins, the people disperse, and live scattered over the ice. 
As regards the above table for the Arctic Eskimo, those especially 
a 
