184 H. P. STEENSBY. 
landed on the opposite shore; when they dart forward from all quarters, 
and spear them in vast numbers, fully aware that the deer, like a flock 
of sheep, will follow their guides notwithstanding the intrusion.” 
In the spring of 1834, Back and K1ne at Back’s River (64°40’ N. lat., 
108° W. long.) met a group of Red Indians who here were accustomed 
to lie in wait for the reindeer herds. That year, however, the reindeer 
had come before their pursuers, and the Indians found themselves 
obliged to feed on the flesh of the musk ox, which is not relished by 
them, as it is by the Eskimo. 
In the early summer, as soon as the reindeer have arrived on the 
tundra, the Indians prosecute a lively killing of the new-born calves, 
the skin of which is much sought after for underclothing. In the course 
of the summer a battue is arranged from time to time, inasmuch as. . 
women and children surround a herd, and drive it out into a river or 
lake, where the men lie in hiding with their canoes’. The principal 
yield from the hunting is, however, procured in the autumn, when the 
reindeer are fat and begin to wander southwards. It is especially on 
this occasion that the Tundra Indians, like the Prairie Indians and the 
Eskimo, employ hunting fences. Such fences are mentioned from all 
districts of the tundra, from the Barren Grounds, and from Alaska north 
of the Yukon and the Koyukuk. By means of two convergent rows 
of poles, which may be several kilometres long, the herd is directed out 
into a lake, where the animals are pushed down from a canoe, — into 
a fold where they are killed with arrows, or into a kind of maze where 
they are caught in nooses and snares. The meat which they may pro- 
cure on such an occasion is prepared into pemmican: dried and pounded 
meat mixed with fat, which can keep for a long time’. 
Comparison between North-Indian and Palweskimo Forms of Eco- 
nomic Culture. Two North-Indian forms of economic culture have now 
been outlined, the reciprocal diversities of which must, no doubt, be 
ascribed exclusively to adaptation, according to the various geographical 
conditions. Like the Eskimo culture — especially the Arctic type of 
this — they are both distinctly divided into a summer and a winter 
phase. 
When we now try to set up a comparison between these forms of 
culture and the Paleweskimo economic culture we must particularly 
think of the Arctic Eskimo culture in the Archipelago; because anthropo- 
geographical conditions indicate the Archipelago as being the place of 
origin of the Paleeskimo culture. 
If, first, we take into consideration the summer culture, we find 
a ~ . 
* Mackenziz, pp. CXXV, 38; Hearne, I, pp. 70—71, 154165; J. W. Tyrrew, 
pp. 80 sqq. 
* Mackenzie, p. CXX1; Hearne, I, pp. 74, 1183—116, 121809, 348; FRANKLIN, 
I, p. 243; Ricnarpson, Vol. I, pp. 393—394, Vol. II, p. 25; Simpson, I 
pp. 311—312; Kine, pp. 154 sqq.; Wuyren, I, p. 182. 
