54 ALES' HRDLIKA 



The most useful modifications of this instrument are the Anthro- 

 pometre and the Toise anthropometrique of Topinard, 1 and the metal 

 rod of Martin. The terminal part of the last named has both a fixed 

 and a sliding branch and may serve for the purposes of both the 

 anthropometer and a large sliding compass. 2 



These instruments are of value and continue to be employed by 

 various investigators, particularly those of the Zurich school; but they 

 are not as handy, easy of manipulation or accurate as the fixed plane. 

 Moreover, there is a rather important difference in their mode of 

 employment by the different observers, some using them in the same 

 way as the plane, which secures a standard posture of the subject, 

 while the followers of Martin place them in front of the subject, which 

 makes the regulation of posture uncertain. 



The writer advocates the use of the plane, for the fastening of 

 which one can always find or provide some vertical. 



Individuals met with on the road, in the fields, etc., may be measured 

 against any suitable object and the height determined by the ordinary 

 tape. 



3. Horizontal Plane (Accessory). For laboratory purposes and 

 for field work where numerous subjects are to be measured, this is a 

 useful accessory facilitating the measurement of the span. It con- 

 sists of a light wooden plank, or paper strip, 30 cm. broad by 60 cm. 

 in length, graduated from 140 to 200 cm. For the purposes of measur- 

 ing the span a vertical wooden strip is fastened on the wall 80 cm. 

 from and parallel with the left edge of the vertical plane, to serve as a 

 "point d'appui" of the longest finger of the right hand of the subject. 

 The horizontal plane is then fastened to the wall at a distance of 140 

 cm. from this vertical strip (or 47.5 cm. to the right of the vertical 

 plane), and serves for the determination of the span length, the exact 

 manner of taking which will be described under "Methods." A 

 serviceable scale of this nature may be improvised on the wall. A 

 paper scale must be well varnished. 



4. Wooden Bench (Accessory). For measuring height sitting (and 

 other purposes). For laboratory use and in measurements on Ameri- 

 can people (who on the average are tallest of all Whites), the most 

 serviceable bench is one of 50 cm. in height, 50 cm. in breadth, and 32 



lEtem. d'Anthrop. ge~n., 8, Paris, 1885, 1116-20. Made by both Mathieu 

 and Collin, Paris. 



2 Made by P. Hermann, Zurich. 



