60 ALES' HRDLIKA 



But among mixed groups, and particularly very mixed Whites such as 

 the Americans, these procedures become more difficult and call for 

 careful instruction as well as experience, or for the use of adequate 

 standards. Such standards exist both for the eyes and the hair. 



For the eyes there are several color scales, such as that of Broca, 1 

 Bertillon, 2 the Medical Department U. S. A., 3 etc. In addition we 

 have the artificial eyes of commerce, the glass eye standards of Galton, 4 

 and the " Augenf arbentaf el " of Martin. 5 For hair, samples of actual 

 human hair have been used (f. e. by Pearson Biometrica, 1907, v, 

 474) ; and since 1907 we possess the good though still not fully sufficient 

 artificial-hair standards of Eugen Fischer. 6 



15. Additional. Occasionally it may be found necessary or ad- 

 visable to use certain accessories in anthropological work on the living, 

 such as the finger-print outfit, or the apparatus for determining blood- 

 pressure, chest capacity, sensibility, etc.; but these are well-known 

 medicolegal or physiological instruments which do not call for a 

 specific description in this place. 



SELECTION OF MEASUREMENTS 



As already mentioned, the number of practicable measurements on 

 the human form, both in life and on the remains, is infinite. Moreover, 

 every one of these measurements may be of anthropological value if 

 taken by the same method on sufficiently large numbers of individuals 

 of various racial, environmental, social, or defective groups. But it is 

 self-evident that for practical purposes we must make for eaich s'eparate 

 piece of investigation a careful selection of those measurements which 

 on the one hand will fulfill the objects of our study, and which on the 



1 Echelle chromatique des yeux. Instructions Anthropologiques g6ne*rales, 2 ed., 

 Paris, 1879. Consists of four series of colors, brown, green, blue and grey, with 

 five shades to each. 



2 Bull Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, 1892, 384-7; also, Tableau des nuances de Piris 

 humain, Paris, F. Durand. 



3 Twelve shades, on black strips; Queen & Co., Phila. Same firm furnishes 31 

 "Standard Colors for Artificial Eyes," which are slightly more useful. 



4 Obsolete. 



6 To be had through the Anthropologische Institut der Universitat, Zurich. 

 Consists of a case with aluminum plate and 16 glass eyes which protrude from eyelid- 

 like apertures in the plate. 



6 Made by F. Rossett, Freiburg i. B. Consist of a metal case containing 30 dif- 

 ferent colored samples of artificial (cellulose) hair. Desc. by Fischer in "Die 

 Bestimmung der menschlichen Haarfarben," Korbl. d. d. Anthrop. Ges., 1907, 

 xxxvm, 1-7. 



