ANTHROPOMETRY 81 



Breadth: The maximum breadth of the foot, at right angles to the 

 length. 



Instrument: The large sliding compass. 



Method: Apply fixed branch of instrument to inner side of foot 

 parallel with its long axis, and bring movable branch lightly against 

 most prominent part on the outer side of the foot (Fig. 16). 



Girth of Calf. Maximum circumference of calf. Measurement 

 useful racially, and also in general for comparison of musculature. 



Instrument: Anthropometric tape. 



Method: The left foot is placed on a bench, as for measurements 

 of the foot itself, and it is brought forward so that the leg forms a 

 little larger than a right angle with the thigh, to insure relaxation of 

 all muscles. The tape, held between the thumb and fore-finger of 

 each hand, is then applied somewhat above what appears to be the 

 maximum bulge of the leg, and is brought snugly around the leg but 

 not tightly enough to cause an impression, and a mental note is 

 made of the measurement. The tape is then moved, with a side to 

 side motion, slightly lower and the measurement is observed again; 

 and the process is repeated until the maximum girth has been de- 

 termined. 



OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIVING 



As in the case of measurements so in that of visual observations 

 there is possible a great range of detail, which on special occasions and 

 in studies of single organs may be fully justifiable and even necessary, 

 but which has no place in work of more general, routine nature. Thus 

 in the case of the nose there is a possibility of making interesting de- 

 tailed notes on the height and nature of the septum, on the characters 

 of the point, on the shape of the nostrils, on the stoutness and other 

 characteristics of the root; in the case of the eyes, on the detailed 

 characteristics of each lid and canthus, with almost endless details 

 on the coloration. All this, however, is impossible under the usual 

 stress of work both in field and in the laboratory. Here again, as in 

 the case of the measurements, we must subordinate whatever is not 

 essential to the number of subjects, and the possibility of prompt 

 elaboration of data. But there are certain minima which the observer 

 ought not to pass if his work is to be fairly rounded out, and it is on 

 these that attention will here be concentrated. 1 



1 For greater minutiae the student may be referred especially to the outlines of 

 the anthropometric work on Austria's prisoners carried on during the war by Rudolf 

 Pdch, published in 1915-17 in the Mitt. Anthrop. Ges., Wien. 

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