90 ALES' HRDLIKA 



(8, Paris, 1875), is, with some modifications and additions, in use to 

 this day. 



The most noteworthy contributions to the subjects of craniometry 

 and craniology since Broca are those of Topinard, 1 Turner, 2 Schmidt, 8 

 Torok 4 , Welcker, 5 and finally, Martin 6 ; but due credit belongs to 

 many earlier as well as later well known workers, such as Blumen- 

 bach, de Baer, Lucae, Meigs, Soemmering, Wentzel Gruber, Quat- 

 refages, Hamy, Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Flower, Davis, Thurman, 

 Hovelacque, Virchow, and others, not to mention the most recent or 

 still living, such as Herve*, Ranke, Schwalbe, Gustaf Retzius, Sergi, 

 Manouvrier, Matiegka, Le Double, Boule, Giuffrida-Ruggeri, etc. 



The total results of all this work on the skull are not only a great 

 mass of data from all parts of the world, but also an elaborate and 

 profuse technique of measurements. Many of these measurements 

 are now, however, of little more than historical value, having been 

 replaced by others or abandoned. Of what remains, the main part 

 has been standardized by the International Anthropometric Con- 

 vention of Monaco. 



The cranial measurements that will be dealt with here are essentially 

 those of the Monaco Agreement; but some of those included in the 

 Agreement have since become quite obsolete, while in a few instances 

 it is now possible to make useful additions, so that a simple reference 

 to the Agreement would not be sufficient. The blanks to be given 

 resemble in essentials those employed on the living (pp. 63-5). 

 For brevity, repetition of definitions, etc., will be avoided, author's 

 notes being restricted to such explanations as will assist the student. 

 A number of measurements included call for special instruments which 

 will be described in that connection. No agreement has yet been 

 attempted as to the relative importance and definition of descriptive 

 characters, and what will here be given in that line is of a more or less 

 tentative nature. 



Before beginning with either measurements or descriptive terms, 

 however, it will be necessary to give due consideration to several 

 preliminary procedures, some of which are of considerable importance. 



1 "Elements d'Anthropologie ge'ne'rale," 8, Paris, 1885. 

 1 Challenger Reports, Part 29, London, 1884. 



* "Anthropologische Methoden," 12, Leipzig, 1888. 



4 "Gnmdziige einer systematischen Kraniometrie," 8, Stuttgart, 1890. 

 Valuable contributions in anthropological periodicals, particularly the Archiv 

 f iir Anthropologie. 



"Lehrbuch der Anthropologie," 8, Jena, 1914. 



