ANTHROPOMETRY 105 



tape, are the same as for measurements on the living; but in addition 

 the student will need an outfit for measuring the skull capacity; one 

 for drawing; a Broca's mandibular goniometer; a transparent goniom- 

 eter; and instruments for special purposes, such as the occipital goniom- 

 eter, small sharp pointed calipers, an endocompass, curved brass 

 probe, etc. For measurements on other bones of the skeleton he will 

 need, in addition, the standard osteometric board with a block, a 

 pelviphore, and apparatus for measuring the torsion of the humerus. 

 With a few exceptions, these appliances are described and illustrated 

 in Broca's " Instructions Craniologiques et Craniome*triques " (Paris, 

 1875); in Topinard's "El&nents d'Anthropologie Ge'ne'rale" (Paris, 

 1885); in Martin's "Lehrbuch der Anthropologie " (Jena, 1914); 

 and in Mathieu's, Collin's, and Hermann's Catalogues of anthropo- 

 metric instruments. As far as additional description or remarks may 

 be called for, they will be made most suitably in connection with the 

 individual measurements. 



Landmarks. Before proceeding to the description of methods, it 

 will be useful to give a list of the landmarks on the skull and their 

 definitions. We may here conveniently draw on Topinard's and 

 Martin's textbooks and on Cunningham's and other modern Anato- 

 mies, which include lists of this nature; but it may be of some advan- 

 tage to give the terms in alphabetical order, and in a few instances 

 to supplement the definitions. 



Alveolar Point (or Prosthiori). The term "alveolar point" has a long 

 priority of usage and no valid reaspn is apparent why it should be 

 changed. It is the lowest point of the upper alveolar arch, be- 

 tween the median incisors. Broca defined it as the lower ex- 

 tremity of the intermaxillary suture, but occasionally the bone 

 on one side or the other projects slightly beyond the suture, so 

 that the above definition is preferable. 



Asterion. The point of meeting of the temporo-parietal, temporo- 

 occipital and lambdoid sutures. 



Basion. The middle of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. 



Bregma. The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures. 



Dacryon. The point of junction of the lachrymo-maxillary, fronto- 

 maxillary and fronto-lachrymal sutures. 



Glabella. A point midway between the two supraorbital ridges. 



Gonion. Point of the angle formed by the ascending branch with the 

 body of the lower jaw. 



Gnathion. See Menton. 



