134 



ALES' HRDLIKA 



Notes: Various measurements and many detailed observations are 

 possible on the spine and its different constituents. As to measure- 

 ments, the most interesting are the relative lengths of the cervical, 

 dorsal and lumbar parts of the spine compared with the total length 

 pf the three. The length of these parts is best taken by the small and 

 large sliding compasses, between the mid points anteriorly of the 

 upper and lower border of the body of the first and last vertebra of 

 each segment, with the bones held in a close and natural apposition. 



The atlas should receive special attention, for it is subject to many 

 independent variations, particularly in respect to blood vessel foramina 

 and canals. 



The lowest part of the dorsal and the uppermost as well as lower- 

 most parts of the lumbar segment, are also of special interest, the 

 former on account of occasional numerical variation, the latter on 

 account of occasional separation of neural arch, a presence of a sacral 

 element with more or less assimilation, etc. 



The minor anomalies of the spine and its constituents should be 

 reserved for special study. 



Tribe. 



SACRUM, PELVIC BONES, PELVIS 

 . Locality Observer . 



Description of the Human Spines showing numerical variation. Mem. Boston Soc. 

 Nat. Hist., 1901, 237-312, also, Anat. Am., 1901, XIX, 332, 337-347; and Anat. 

 Anz., 1906, XXVIII, 33-40, 96-102. HrdliSka (Ales) The atlas of Monte Hermoso. 

 In Bull. 52, Bur. Am. EthnoL, Wash. 1912, 364-9. Papillault (G.) Variations 

 num&iques des vertebres lombaires chez Phomme. Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., Paris, 

 1898, IX, 198-222. Ranke (J.) Zur Anthropologie der Halswirbelsaule. Sitz. 

 math. phys. Cl. bayer. Akad. Wiss., 1895, XXV, 1-23. Ravenel (M.) Die Maas- 

 verhaltnisse der Wirbelsaule und des Ruckenmarkes beim Menschen. Inaug. 

 Dissert., Leipzig, 1877, 1-27. Regalia (C. E.) Sulla causa generate delle anomalie 

 numeriche del rachide. Arch. p. Antrop. & Etn., 1895, XXV, 149-219. Rosenberg 

 (E.) Ueber die Entwicklung der Wirbelsaule ; Gegeribaur's Morphol. Jahrb., 

 Leipzig, 1875, 1, 1-111. Soularue (G. Martial) Etude des proportions de la colonne 

 vert6brale chez Phomme et chez la femme. Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. Paris, 1900, 

 S4r. 5, 1, 132-147. Zoja (G.) Sulle varied deU'atlante. Bol. sci., 1881, Nos. 1 & 2, 

 repr. 24 pp., Also C. R. R. 1st. Lomb., Cl. Sc. mat. & nat., 1881, XIV, 269-296. 



