THE IBBIGATION AGE. 



151 



QUANTITY OF WATER O1CHARGED AND POWER REQUIRED 

 At different elevations based on a Pump efficiency of 50 per cent. 



In Designing Hydraulic and Pumping Hachinery, water is considered * 



incompressible 



Doubting the lift or quantity of water handled also doubles power required; i e DO* 

 quired varies directly M either lift or quantity. 



PRESSURE OF WATER IN POUNDS 



AND'THE EQUIVALENT HEAD 



IN FEET 



. . w . TABLE FOR OPEN WEJB MEASUREMENT 



Giving Cubic teet of water per minute, that will flow over an open Weir one inch wide and from 

 -'/, to y>-', inches deep. 



about six feet above the Weir a stake is driven fo that its top is precisely level with the bottom 

 the notch, and at sonic convenient point for measuring. The depth of the water flowing over 

 the Weir may then be ascertained by an ordinary rule, pljiced on top of the stake measuring 

 to the surface of the water, and the quantity figured from the table shove 



IRRIGATION QUANTITY TABLES 



One cubic fool ofwater per second (exact 7.48052 gallons), constant flow is known as the 

 "Second Foot.'' The "Acre Foot" is the quantity of water required to cover one acre to a depth 

 of one foot. 



MISCELLANEOUS HYDRAULIC INFORMATION, BTO. 



A common water pail holds nineteen pounds of 

 water, or 2.272 United States gallons. 



One horse-power will raise 16% tons per minute a 

 height of 12 inches, working 8 hours a day. This is 

 about 9.900 foot-tons daily, or 12 times a man's work. 



Cylin 



product divided by 231 gives the capacity in'gallons per stroke. Doubl^ng'the dV 

 icter of a Cylinder increases its capacity four times. 



To find the number of gallons in a tank, multiply The inside bottom diameter 

 in inches by the inside top diameter in inches, then this product by 34, point 

 off four figures, and the result will be the average number of gallons to one 

 inch jn depth of tank. 



For the circumference of a circle, multiply the diameter by 3.141b. 



For the diameter of a circle, multiply the circumference by .31381. 



For the area of a circle, multiply the square of the diameter by .7854. 



For the size of an equal square, multiply the diameter by .8862. 



For the surface of a ball, multiply the square of the diameter by 3. 14 16. 



For the cubic inches in a ball, multiply the cube of th.e diameter by .5236. 



SHORT FORMULAS FOR PUMP CAPACITY AND POWER 



P-Diameter of Pump Cylinderin inches. S-Length of slrolce in inches 



N- Dumber of strokes per minute. Q-Quantity of water in gallons, raised per minute, 



of dlscha? e '" W8Ur 1S elevatcdl fi S""ng from surface of suction water to highest point 



THEN WE HAVE 



-The Area ofa Circle (or Cylinder) of given diameter. 

 Capacity of Pump in cubic inches, per stroke. 

 Capacity of Pump per stroke in gallons. 



Capacity of Pump per stroke in cubic feet. 

 Capacity of Pump per stroke in pounds of water. 

 D* x 1 x N 54 * N ~ Ca P acit y of P" P* r minute in cubic Inches. 



2M Capacity of Pump per minute in gallons, ( Q). 



- * * Capacity of Pump per minute in cubic feet. 



D 1 x H x .3409 Total pressure in pounds on the Pump Cylinder when at rest. When M work.. 



add for pipe friction as determined from tablt-s elsewhere. 



Q Number of strokes per minute necessary to raises given quantity of water in 



D 1 x S x .0034 gallons. 



The above formula* will give results correct lo the third decimal place. 



U'x.TSM 

 D' x S x 7854 

 D=s 



2200.152 



D'lS 



35.266 



HOW TO USE CEMENT. 



The following general rules referring to the practical use of 

 cement will be found convenient for reference: 



Quality of Sand The sand should be clean, sharp and coarse. When the sand 

 is mixed with loam the mortar will set comparatively slow, and 'the work will be 

 comparatively weak. Fine sand, and especially water-worn sand, delays the set- 

 ting of the cement, and deteriorates strength. Damp sand should not be mixed 

 with dry cement, but the cement and Sana should be mixed thoroughly and uni- 

 formly tbgether, when both are dry, and no water should be applied until imme- 

 diately before the mortar is wanted for use. 



Proportion of Sand The larger the proportion of cement the stronger the 

 work. One part of good cement to two parts sand is allowable for ordinary work; 

 but for cisterns, cellars, and work requiring special care, half and half is the better 

 proportion. For floors, the cement should be increased toward the surface. 



Watfer in Concrete Use no more water in cement than absolutely necessary. 

 Cement requires but a very small quantity of water in crystalizing. Merely damp- 

 ening the material gives the best results. Any water in excess necessarily evapor- 

 ates and leaves the hardened cement comparatively weak and porous. 



Concrete In Water Whenever concrete is used under water, care must be 

 taken that the water is still. So say atl English and American authorities. In lay- 

 ing cellar floors, or constructing cisterns or similar work, care must also be taken to 

 avoid pressure of exterior -water. Cement will not crystalize when disturbed by 

 the force of currents, or pressure of water, but will resist currents and pressure after, 

 hardening only. In still water, good cement will harden quicker than in air, and 

 W hen kept in water will be Stronger than when kept in air. Cements which harden 

 especially quick in air are usually slower worthless tn water. 



How to Put Down Concrete When strong work is wanted, for cellar floors 

 and all similar work, the concrete should be dampened and tamped down to place, 

 with the back of a spade, or better, with the end of a plank or rammer; then finished 

 off with a trowel, thus leveling and compacting the work. Only persons ignor- 

 ant of the business will lay a floor or walk with soft cement mortar. All artificial 

 s'.one is made in a similar way to that described, and, when set, is strong and hard 

 as stone. 



Delay In Use Do not permit the mortar to exhaust its setting properties by de- 

 laying its -use when ready. Inferior-cementsonly will remain standing in the mortar- 

 bed any length of time without serious injury. 



Stone and Brick Work In buildings constructed ot stone or brick, the best 

 protection from dampness and decay, and also from the danger of cyclones, is a 

 mortar of cement and coarse sand. The extra cost is inconsiderable, and the in- 

 creased value of the structure very great. Chimneys laid in this manner never blow- 

 down, and cellar^ whose foundations are thus laid are always free from atmospheric- 

 moisture. Cenlent may also be mixed with lime mortar for plastering and other 

 purposes, to great advantage. 



Effect of Frost and Cold At a temperature less than 60 degrees Fahrenheit, 

 all good cement sets slowly, though surely, but if allowed) to frreze its value is seri- 

 ously impaired. In cold weather or cold water do not fear to wait for your concrete 

 to crystalize. 



Damage from Moisture Good cement is not injured by age, if carefully pre- 

 served from moisture. Lumps in bags or barrels of cement are caused by exposure 

 to moisture. They prove the originally good quality of the cement. 



