14, CLXXIII. GRAMINE^E: (J. D. Hooker.) [Paspalum. 



australis, Wiltd. ex Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. vi. iii. (1835), II. 201. 

 D. ciliaris, Pers. Syn. i. 85; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 4(58; T.Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. 

 Monoc. n. 16 ; Rei'chb. Ic. Fl. Germ. i. t. 27 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 436 ; 

 Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 4t>8. D. commutata, Schult. Mant. ii. 262. D. didac- 

 tyla, Willd. I.e. 91. D. distachya, Bojer Hort. Maurit. 363; LamTc. 

 lllustr. t. 43, f. 2. D. eriantha, Steud. in Flora, xii. (1829), 468. D. 

 eriogona Link Fnum. Hort. Serol. i. 227, in Flora, I. c. D. horizontal! s, 

 Willd. I. c. 92. D. linearis, Pers. 1. c. D. marginata, Link. I. c. 102. D. 

 i^rvosa, Roem. Sf Sch. Syst. ii. 473. D. nodosa, Webb <Sf Berth. Phyt. 

 Canuv. iii. III. 384, t. 246. D. pruriens, Biise in PI. Jungh. 379 ; Miq. I. c. 

 436. D. radicosa, Miq. I.e. 437. D. repens, Willd. ex Kunth I.e. 81. D. 

 Rottleri, Roem. & Sch. I. c. 471. D. sanguinea, Scop. Fl. Carniol. 

 72; Weber in Willd., Prim. Fl. Holsat. 6. D. sangninalis, Scop. I. c. 

 ed. 2, i. 52; Reichb. 1. c. t. 87 ; Parlat. Fl. Ital. i. 125 (with full citations). 

 D sanguinoleuta, Edgew. ex Aitch. Cat. Panjab. PI. 161. D. setigera, 

 Roth ex Roem. & Sch. I. c. 474. Dactylon sanguinale, Vill. Delph. ii. 69. 

 Phalaris velutina, Forsk. Fl. ^Eg- Arab. 17. Svntheriama vulgare, Schrad. 

 Fl. Germ. i. 161. S. ciliare, Schrad. 1. c. t. 3, f. 7. ? Axonopus corymbosus, 

 Schult. Mant. ii. 77. 



Throughout INDIA, in dry and moist situations, ascending the Himalaya to 

 6 "00 ft. (cult, iu the Khasia Hills). DISTRIB. all warm countries. 



Annual or perennial. Stem 2 in. to 3 ft., erect or ascending from a creeping, 

 branching base. Leaves very variable, 1-12 by i-| in. ; sheaths rarely hairy, except 

 at or near the mouth. Spikes 1-3 in., rarely more, usually strict ; rachis 

 trigonous or flattened, stout or slender, or winged, wings green, rarely more than 

 twice the breadth of the midrib, margins smoother ciliolate. Spikelets geminate, 

 loosely or closely imbricate, rarely scattered ; gls. often silkily hairy along the margins 

 and nerves. The hairs in the upper spikelet of var. ciliare sometimes abnormally 

 developed into a long beard or brush of curved cilia; there is every gradation between 

 the most densely bearded and almost glabrous spikelets (see also P. heteran- 

 thum) ; gl. I (at the back of the fig. gl.) variously developed from an obscure tuft of . 

 hairs to nearly as long but not quite so broad as III, 3-5-nerved ; usually silky ; 

 II 5-nerved, lateral nerves marginal, rarely all close together, and with the 

 interspaces thickened, when the gl. appears many-nerved ; III. lanceolate or oblong- 

 huiceolate, smooth. The above definition embraces a wide range of forms, which I 

 believe are all referable to P. sanguinale. The species is one of the very commonest 

 plants in India, and in all warm countries. A form (var. commutatum) is cul- 

 tivated in the Khasia Hills, of which fact I find no notice in any work on 

 Indian food grains. The following; attempt to classify the Indian forms is founded 

 on a close study of an enormous collection of specimens from all parts of India, 

 amongst which those of Mr. C. B. Clarke are especially noteworthy. As to the 

 result, I sim satisfied that no two botanists working independently over the same 

 materials would arrive at the same, or agree in any other; and that the results of 

 working over a large collection from any other country would again be different. I 

 have made no attempt to deal with the American forms, at which I have only 

 glanced ; they suggest no modification of my arrangement of the Indian. 



Var. 1. cruciatum ; spikes several 2-3 in. usually horizontal, rachis slender 

 trigonous narrowly or rather broadly winged, spikelets ovate-oblong acute or cus- 

 pidately acuminate rather loosely imbricate quite or nearly glabrous purple or 

 green, gl. II half as long as III ovate-oblong obtuse 3-nerved, III ovoid or 

 obovoid rather turgid cuspidately acuminate. Panicum cruciatum, Nces ex Steud. 

 Syn. Gram. 39. P. sauguinale, Wall. Cat. n. 8681. K.P. Panicum, Wall. 

 Cat. n.8728. Digitaria cruciata, Nees ex Herb. Strach. v. Winttrb. No. 3. Himalayan 

 region, alt. 5-8500 ft., from Iskardo and Kashmir to Sikkim and the Munnipore 



