CELTIS. ] URTICACEJE. 121 



hard, smooth or rugose. Seed with a membranous testa, albumen 

 scanty or none, embryo curved ; cotyledons broad, inflexed flat or 

 replicate, surrounding the upcurved radicle. Species about 60, 

 in temperate and tropical regions chiefly in the N. Hemisphere. 



C. australls, Linn. Sp. PL 1043 ; Brandis For. Fl. 428, t. 50 >' 

 Ind. Trees 595 ; F. B. I. V., 482 ; Watt, E. D. ; Kanjilal For- 

 FL (ed. 2), 360 ; Gamble Man. 629 ; Collett FL Siml 455. G 

 caucasica, Willd. ; J. L. Stewart in Journ. Agri.-Hort. Soc. Ind. 

 xiii, pt. 3, 299. Vern. Kharak, kharak-chena (Dehra Dun). 

 Kettle-tree. 



A medium-sized deciduous tree with bluish-grey or brown bark which 

 is often speckled with whitish dots and in large trees horizontally 

 wrinkled ; branchlets drooping ; young branches, leaves and petioles 

 more or less hairy. Leaves 3-5 in. long, obliquely ovate or ovate- 

 lanceolate, acuminate, serrate or entire towards the base, rough 

 and coriaceous when full-grown, dark-green and glabrous on upper 

 surface ; base acute or rounded, sometimes oblique and with 3 strong 

 nerves, midrib penninerved above ; petioles J in., stipules subulate, 

 shorter than petioles, caducous. Flowers pale-yellow, the females 

 in the upper axils, long-pedicelled rather larger than the males. Sepals 

 oblong, with woolly margins, deciduous. Ovary woolly. Drupe 

 yellowish or black, ovoid or subglobose, J in. in diam. or less, ite 

 pedicel J-2 in., putamen rugose. 



Dehra Dun, both planted and self-sown ; it is probably wild in the 

 forests of N. Oudh, (Wallich, Duthie ; and in the Bijnor forests 

 of Rohilkhand (Stewart). Flowers March-May, often before the 

 leaves appear. DISTKIB. : W. Himalaya eastwards to Nepal up to 

 8,000 ft. ; Punjab, on the Salt range ; extending to Chitral, Afghan- 

 istan, Baluchistan, and westwards to S. Europe. The wood is strong 

 and tough and is used in the manufacture of oars, whip-handles ; 

 agricultural implements, etc. In the south of France and in Spain 

 the tree is much cultivated for such purposes. The sweet fruit is 

 sometimes eaten, and the leaves are much used for fodder. The 

 villagers on the lower slopes of the North-West Himalaya very 

 frequently store their winter supplies of fodder in the forks of the 

 branches of this tree. 



3. TREMA, Lour. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. V, 483. 



Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-7-nerved at the base ; 

 stipules lateral, caducous. Flowers monoecious subdioscious or 



