xii ANIMAL COMMUNITIES 



CHAPTER PAGE 



VII. ANIMAL COMMUNITIES OF SMALL LAKES 124 



I. Introduction 124 



II. Communities of Small Lakes 125 



III. Succession in Lakes 133 



VIII. ANIMAL COMMUNITIES OF PONDS 136 



I. Introduction 136 



II. Area of Special Study . ". 136 



III. Communities of Ponds 140 



IV. Succession 151 



IX. CONDITIONS OF EXISTENCE OF LAND ANIMALS 157 



I. Introduction 157 



II. Soil 157 



III. Atmosphere ." . . . . ," . . 159 



IV. Combinations or Complexes of Factors 161 



V. Quantity of Life on Land 166 



X. ANIMAL COMMUNITIES OF THE TENSION LINES BETWEEN LAND 



AND WATER ......-.. 169 



I. Introduction .' 169 



II. Communities 169 



III. General Discussion 183 



XL ANIMAL COMMUNITIES OF SWAMP AND FLOOD-PLAIN FORESTS 189 



I. Introduction ...... 189 



II. Swamp Forest Formations and Associations 189 



XII. ANIMAL COMMUNITIES OF DRY AND MESOPHYTIC FORESTS . 209 



I. Introduction ? . 209 



II. Forest Communities on Clay . 209 



III. Forest Communities on Rock 217 



IV. Forest Communities on Sand 218 



V. Mesophytic Forest Formation 233 



VI. General Discussion 247 



XIII. ANIMAL COMMUNITIES OF THICKETS AND FOREST MARGINS . 262 



I. Introduction 262 



II. Low Forest Margin Sub-Formations 262 



III. High Forest Margin Sub-Formations 268 



IV. General Discussion ....... 274 



XIV. PRAIRIE ANIMAL COMMUNITIES . . . . . . . ... 278 



I. Introduction 278 



II. Prairie Formations 278 



III. General Discussion 295 



