242 DRY AND MESOPHYTIC FOREST COMMUNITIES 



borer (Elaphidion villosum) (Fig. 229) in the twigs. The hickory 

 supports many larvae, including a Phylloxera which forms galls on the 

 leaves (see Fig. 277, p. 273). 



The red-tailed and red-shouldered hawks, the red-headed wood- 

 pecker, the wood-pewee, the crow, bluejay, robin, and bluebird nest in 

 the trees. The panther and wildcat (Lynx rufus) were former residents. 



FIG. 233. The beech woods. Note small amount of undergrowth. 



Dead standing oaks are attacked by a series of animals. As soon 

 as the wood begins to soften, the four-legged larva of Passalus cornutus 

 often appears. This is succeeded by slugs and ants (Figs. 230, 231, 232). 



2. WOOD-FROG OR BEECH AND MAPLE FOREST ASSOCIATION 



(Stations 70, 71, 710, 716; Tables LV, LXII) (Fig. 233) 

 The coming of this stage is indicated by the presence of seedlings 

 of beech and maple in the oak-hickory forest, e.g., at Suman, Ind. 



