ECOLOGY 



SAND RIDGE 



Cottonwood 



Gray pine 

 Black oak 



CLAY BLUFF 



Aspen 

 Cottonwood 



White oak 



Red oak 



Hop-Hornbeam 

 White oak 

 Red oak 



Hickory Hickory 

 BEECH AND SUGAR MAPLE 



Tulip Hickory 



Basswood Red oak 



Cattail and Bulrush 



Water-lily and Water 

 Mill-foil 



Chara 



POND 



Slippery elm and 

 White elm 



River maple 



Black willow 



FLOOD-PLAIN 



DIAGRAM 8. Showing the convergence of four types of habitat, to the beech 

 and maple forest. Read from the extremities toward center. (Prepared with the 

 assistance of Dr. Cowles and from his writings.) 



