INDEX OF SUBJECTS 



347 



Calumet beach, 46. 



Carbon dioxide: important to animals, 

 59, 60; in air, 59; in ponds, 68; in 

 sewage, 17; in springs, 93; in streams, 

 86; relation to quantity, 66-70. 



Carp, 31, 120, 130. 



Carrion: 219; feeder, 219. 



Catbird, 268, 275. 



Caterpillar: achemon sphinx, 232; 

 American dagger-moth, 192; cecropia, 

 198, 199; common to marsh forest 

 trees, 192; forest tent, 192; hickory 

 tussock-moth, 192; maia moth, 268; 

 prominent, 232, 233; puss, 232; slug, 

 233; smeared dagger-moth, 192; vice- 

 roy, 198, 199; white-marked tussock- 

 moth, 192. 



Catfish, lake, 85. See Bullhead. 



Cecidomyiidae, 215, 229. 



Center of distribution, 303. 



Chara, bottoms covered with, 140, 141, 



142, 145; communities, 140-45; not 



good animal food, 142. 

 Characters of communities of forest, 250, 



251- 

 Chicago region: climate, former, 47, 



present, 49; extent, 48; guide to, 50; 



topography, 48; vegetation, 49. 

 Chickadee, black-capped, 229. 

 Chipmunk, 34, 196, 269, 274. 

 Chordata, 2. 



Chub: creek (See Horned dace); river, 

 119. 



Cicada: 227; nymphs, 262, 268. 

 Circulation of water: lake, 60, 61; 



pond, 136; stream, 60. 

 Cladocerans, 76, 83, 134, 173. 



Cladocerans or Cladocera, scientific 



names: 



Acropcrus harpae, 134. 

 Bosmina, 76: 



obtiisirostris, 134. 

 Ceriodaphnia, 134, 152: 



pulchella, 152. 



quadrangula, 152. 



reticulata, 134. 

 Chydorus sphaericus, 134. 

 Daphne: 



hyalina, 76, 83. 



retrocurva, 76. 

 Daphnia. See Daphne. 

 Daphnidae, 278. 

 Diaphanosoma brachyurum, 134. 

 Leptodora hyalina, 76. 

 Macrothrix rosea, 134. 



Pleuroxus denticulatus, 134. 

 Polyphemus pediculus, 134. 

 Scapholeberis mucronata, 134. 

 Simocephalus serndatus, 134. 



Classification: ecological, 2; taxonom- 

 ic, 2. 



Climate: 49; former, 47. 



Climatic communities, 38-41, 42, 49, 

 50, 310-15. 



Coloration, 25. 



Combinations of factors, 161-66. 



Communities: basis, 33, 34; behavior 

 in, 27; classification, 37-41; conver- 

 gence, 309-12; decline of primeval, 

 13-16: defined, 3; man-made, 12-18; 

 mapped, ii; of buildings, 16; of culti- 

 vated lands, 16; of forest, 189-261; 

 of forest border region, 39-41; of 

 forest margins, 262-77; of large lakes, 

 73-85; of marshes, 169-80; of orchards, 

 16; of ponds, 136-56; of prairies, 287- 

 98; of roadsides, 12, 16, 275, 276; of 

 small lakes, 125-35; of springs, 93; 

 of streams, 86-123; of thickets, 262- 

 77; relations of animals in, 35, 70-71, 

 166-68. 



Conditions of existence: aquatic, 58-72; 

 terrestrial, 157-67. 



Consocies: aphid, 37, 214, 234, 290; 

 beech log, 245-47; defined, 37; log, 

 150-51; pitcher-plant, 40, 193; pool, 

 39, 90; spring, 39, 93; temporary rapids, 

 39, 87, 88. 

 Convergence of communities: 309-12; 



of habitats, 93, 94. 

 Coot, 170. 

 Copepods: fecundity of, 35; in young 



ponds, 173. 



Copepods, scientific names : 

 Canthocamptus northumbricus, 206. 

 Cyclops, 278: 



albidus, 134, 152, 206. 

 bicuspidatus, 76, 83. 

 leuckarti, 83. 

 prasinus, 83. 

 serrulatus, 134, 206. 

 viridis, 152. 



viridis americanus, 176, 206. 

 viridis bremspinosus, 134. 

 Diaptomus, 179, 278, 279: 

 ashlandi, 83. 

 leptopus, 152. 

 oregonensis, 83. 

 reighardi, 135, 152. 

 slagnalis, 176, 179, 185. 

 Epischura lacustris, 83. 



