INDEX OF SUBJECTS 



361 



Stones: in water, 78, 88, 95-97; currents 

 about, 61. 



Strata: defined, 37; in aquatic vegetation, 

 105; in rapids, 94-96; on land, 165. 



Stream communities: 78, 86-123; base- 

 level, 102-5; intermittent, 87-92; 

 longitudinal arrangement of, 108-23; 

 sandy, 101-2; sluggish, 102-5; spring- 

 fed, 93; swift, 93-99. 



Struggle for existence, 5-6. 



Sturgeon, 85. 



Succession: autoproductive, 308; causes, 

 308; defined, 36; ecological, 36; 

 forest, 247-50; geological, 36; lake, 

 135; pond, 152; seasonal, 35, 36, 

 278; stream, 110-13. 



Sucker: carp, 85; chub, 115, 119, 142, 

 156; common, 84, 91, 92, 106, 115, 

 119, 120; long-nosed, 84; hog or stone- 

 roller, 84, 119; red- horse, 84, 115, 119, 

 140; short-headed red-horse, 120. 



Sunfish: bluegill, 84, 99, 115, 119, 120, 

 126, 156, 141; blue-spotted or green, 

 102, 119, 120, 126, 128, 156, 141; 

 long-eared, 99, 119; pumpkin-seed, 

 126, 156, 141. 



Swallow: bank, 222; tree, 225. 



Swamp communities, 169-73, 189-97. 



Tadpole catfish, 85, 105, 119, 142. 



Tamarack swamp communities, 193-97. 



Tanager, scarlet, 244. 



Taxis, 26, 27. 



Temperature: of soil, 158-59; habitat 



compared, 159; control of distribution, 



199-304. 



Temporary ponds, 1 73-80. 

 Tension h'nes between land and water, 



169-88. 



Terminology of ecology, 36-38. 

 Termites, 220-22. 

 Termites, scientific name: 

 Termes flavipes, 220, 252. 

 Tern, black, 170. 



Terrestrial conditions, 169-88, 247-50. 

 Thicket communities, 262-75. 

 Thrush: hermit, 195; wood, 241, 244. 

 Thysanoptera, 306. 



Tiger-beetles, 180, 216; larvae, 210, 214, 

 216. 



Toad: 167, 187, 283, 296; daily habits, 



222. 



Toadbug, 180. 



Toleration, law of, 302-5. 



Tolleston beach, 47. 



Top minnow, 84, 120, 123, 132, 135. 



Toxic substances, in soil, 159; in water, 

 331 (114, 1140). 



Transparent animals, 77. 



Tree-fauna, differs with surrounding 

 conditions, 16, 251. 



Trespass laws, 56. 



Tropism, 26, 27. 



Trout, Mackinaw or Lake, 59, 78, 79, 

 80, 82, 85. 



Turkey, wild, 14. 



Turtles: geographic, 130, 135, 156; 

 habits of, 130; musk, 126, 130, 135, 

 142, 156, breeding of, 130; painted, 

 132, 156, 227; protected by law, 57; 

 snapping, 132; soft-shelled, 130; trans- 

 portation of animals by, 173. 



Turtles, scientific names: 



Aromochelys odorala, 126, 135, 142, 

 156. 



Aspidonedes spinifer, 130. 



Chrysemys marginata, 132, 156, 227. 



Graptemys geographies , 130, 135, 156. 



Upstream migration: of fishes, 106; of 

 mollusks, 106. 



Valparaiso Moraine, 46. 



Variation of behavior and habits related 



to conditions, 34. 

 Varying hare, 15, 191, 195. 

 Vegetation: aquatic, 65 (See Plants); 



climatic, 49, 50, 51, 174. 

 Vernal fauna, 173-80. 

 Vertebrata, 2. 



Vertebrates, products from, 21. 

 Vireo, red-eyed, 196, 244. 



Warbler: black, 241; blackburnian, 196; 



black-throated, 229; green, 229; pine, 



229; prothonotory, 190, 191; yellow, 



196, 241, 274, 275. 

 Water in soil, 157-58. 

 Water margin communities: 180-83; 



sedge-covered, 181; shrub-covered, 



181; terrigenous, of large lakes, 180, 



of ponds, 1 80, of rivers, 181. 

 Water scavenger beetles, 65. 

 Water-scorpions, 65, 104, 123, 131, 151, 



155- 

 Water-striders : 90; hibernation of, 201. 



