Habit and Instinct. 417 



appetence or aversion. It is emotion that gives force and 

 power to the motive. And this must be regarded as the 

 dynamic element in voluntary activity, while intelligence 

 is the directive element. Feeling is the horse in the 

 carriage of life, and Intelligence the coachman. 



Let us here note that, in speaking of the activities of 

 animals and the motives by which they are prompted, we 

 are forced, if we would avoid pedantry, to leap backwards 

 and forwards across the chasm which separates the mental 

 from the physical. Motives, as we know them, are mental 

 phenomena; the activities, as we see them, are physical 

 phenomena. The two sets of phenomena belong to distinct 

 phenomenal categories. In ordinary speech, when we pass 

 and repass from motives to actions, and from actions to 

 the feelings they may give rise to, we are apt to be forgetful 

 of the depth of the chasm we so lightly leap. And this is 

 no doubt because the chasm, though so infinitely deep, is 

 so infinitely narrow. There are, however, no physical 

 analogies by which we can explain the connection between 

 the physical and the mental, between body and mind. 

 The so-called connection is, in reality, as I believe, identity. 

 Viewed from without, we have a series of physical and 

 physiological phenomena ; felt from within, we have a 

 series of mental and psychological phenomena. It is the 

 same series viewed from different aspects. This is no 

 explanation; it is merely a way, and, as I believe, the 

 correct way, of stating the facts. Why certain physiological 

 phenomena should have a totally different aspect to the 

 organism in which they occur from that which they offer 

 to one who watches them from without, is a question which 

 I hold to be insoluble. All we have to remember, however, 

 is that, in passing from the mental to the physical, we are 

 changing our point of view. The series may be set down 

 thus 



External aspect : Physical stimulus -> in terneural processes -^ activities. 

 Inner aspect: Accompanying consciousness -^ mental states > accompany- 

 ing consciousness. 



The physical stimulus and the resulting activities are 



2E 



