APHORISMS AND REFLECTIONS 153 



should have no hesitation about inflicting the maxi- 

 mum of suffering upon our invaders for no other 

 object than our own good. 



But if the good of society and of a nation is a 

 sufficient plea for inflicting pain on men, I think it 

 may suffice us for experimenting on rabbits or dogs. 



At the same time, I think that a heavy moral 

 responsibility rests on those who perform experi- 

 ments of the second kind. 



The wanton infliction of pain on man or beast is 

 a crime ; pity is that so many of those who (as I 

 think rightly) hold this view, seem to forget that 

 the criminality lies in the wantonness and not in 

 the act of inflicting pain per se. 



The one condition of success, your sole safeguard, 

 is the moral worth and intellectual clearness of the 

 individual citizen. Education cannot give these, but 

 it can cherish them and bring them to the front in 

 whatever station of society they are to be found, 

 and the universities ought to be and may be, the 

 fortresses of the higher life of the nation. 



cccxxvm 



As a matter of fact, men sin, and the consequences 

 of their sins affect endless generations of their pro- 

 geny. Men are tempted, men are punished for the 

 sins of others without merit or demerit of their own ; 

 and they are tormented for their evil deeds as long 

 as their consciousness lasts. 



I find that as a matter of experience, erroneous 

 beliefs are punished, and right beliefs are rewarded 



