AUSTIN TIDE. 241 



AUG. 28. St. Augustine, doctor of the church, 

 A.D. 430. 



St. Hermes, martyr. 



St. Julian, martyr. 



Obs. St. Augustine in liis youth fell like the prodiiral son into the most 

 frightful galpli of vice. His conversion happened in the year 386, the thirty 

 secona of his age : he was baptized by St. Ambrose on Easter eve in 387 ; he 

 was ordained priest about the year 390, and consecrated bishop in 395. The 

 two works tliat do most honour to St. Augustine's name are his confessions 

 and retractations. He was not only the oracle of his own times, but of the 

 principal among all the Latin fathers that came after him. He calmly re- 

 signed his spirit into the liands of God on the 2Hth of August, 430, being se- 

 venty six years old, and having spent almost forty of them in the labours of 

 the ministry. — Lives of the Saints. 



St. Augustine became founder of one of the oldest orders of monks. The 

 Canons Regular, as well as the Augustiniaii Hermits, both took their origin 

 from his Riiles, which, if they be not quite so good as those of St. Benedict, 

 at least come next to them. The following are the principal orders of monks 

 and friars who, after the numerous societies which followed the example of 

 St. Paul, St. Anthony, and ^t. Basil, at length obtained regular establish- 

 ments in Europe. 



In the reign of Constantine, Pacchomius first composed a written rule for 

 the monks, fie lived in community with about 1400 of his brotherhood in an 

 island of the Nile in Egypt. The monks of tliis period were first divided into 

 Cae»o6i7e.«, or Uiose who dwelt in community; and the severer sort, called 

 Anchorites, who had separate cells, and dwelt in solitude. There were also 

 hermits. 



In 341 St. Athanasius brought monks to Rome, and monasteries soon be- 

 came common in all Italy. 



In 528 the Order of Benedictines was founded by St. Benedict on Mount 

 Cassino, between Rome and Naples, an order which in its various reformations 

 and changes has since become so eminent throughout Europe. In 1098, for 

 example, the Cistercians were founded in the desert of Citeaux near Dijon by 

 .St. Robert. Some of the Bernardine Cistercians were called White Monks. 

 The Older of LaTrappe is the severest reformation of the Cistercians. 



In 1140 the Order of Canons of St. Augustine was tornied. They were re- 

 formed in the twelfth century by Pope Nicholas II., and afterwards a division, 

 following the rules of the Bishop of Chartres, was separated from them, called 

 Canons regular of St. Augustine, while the former were distinguished as Secu- 

 lar Canons. 



In the twelfth century Convent> of Nuns were first established. 



7n 1084 the Order of Carthusians was founded by St. Bruno. 



About 1205 the Mendicant Orcleis or Friars were established, and they were 

 ratified by Pope Innocent III. These Mendicant Friars were soon divided 

 into— 



let. The Franciscans, or followers of St. Francis, afterwards divided again 

 into, 1st. the Conventuals; 2il. the l.'apuchins; and the KecoUecls, who were 

 sometimes called^Crey Fri.irs. , 



2d. The Dominicans, founded by St. Dominic, called Black Friars. 



3d. The Carmelites, whom St. Albert converted from fhe Elian hermits on 

 Mount Carmel, and who obtained the name of VVliite Friars. They were re- 

 fortned by St. Theresa, and the refortned orders were callert Barefooted Carme- 

 lites, or Grey Friars. Certain Carmelites obtained the name of Crutched Friars. 



4th The Hermits of St. Augustine, or Austin Friars. 



It may be observed, that the'four principal quarters of great cities, as London 

 forexample, were frequently denominat-d after fhe fourordera of Mendicants. 



In 1534 St. Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, an order for activity, 

 piety, and general utility, unrivalled by any other. 



Bent Golden Rod Solidago flexicaulis full fl. 



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