370 



THE IRRIGATION AGE. 



mation" fever. To get rid of these, the cattle are driven 

 through a wooden tunnel from one field to another, and 

 as they pass through, they are thoroughly saturated from 

 all sides by an automatic sprinkler or spraying machine. 

 Experiments have proven conclusively that many thou- 

 sands of cattle are saved to the South by preventative 

 spraying. This is practiced generally where large herds 

 exist the small hand sprayer being sufficient for the 

 majority of cases. 



Large vats are sometimes used by some stockmen and 

 the cattle dipped in these. In dairy herds where horn 

 flies exist, a thorough spraying during milking, for six 

 days in succession with one per cent Kreso or other 

 similar solution, will greatly decrease the pests. The 

 flies die as soon as the solution touches them and it 

 should be so directed that it will play directly upon them. 

 Spraying them on consecutive days kills the new flies 

 which hatch from day to day, so no new eggs are laid. 

 Every dairyman will find this practice of value. It may be 



Small Bucket Sprayer. For Applying Stock Solutions. All Brass 



and Very Efficient. Manufactured by the Deming Company, 



Salem, Ohio. 



necessary to repeat the process at irregular intervals dur- 

 ing the summer, but the time used is well spent. 



All lice infesting horses, dogs, and hogs, can be 

 quickly exterminated by spraying with Kreso or a like 

 solution. These different solutions can be obtained from 

 any drug store. Spraying outfits, such as those in the 

 illustrations are sufficient to do the work, and, in addi- 

 tion, they can be used for other purposes when the cattle 

 spraying is done. 



ELEVATING WATER. 



Hydraulic Ram Possesses Many Values and Economies 

 for This Work. 



The problem of elevating water from springs, creeks, 

 rivers and other naturaj sources, has held the attention 

 of the people from the time the work began, and the evo- 

 lution of the pump is most interesting. For ages no ideas 

 of pumping water were entertained; it was always carried 

 upon the heads of the slaves in crude vessels which were 

 filled by means of dipping them into cisterns and other 

 sources of supply. Then the ancient Greeks and Romans 

 adopted the gravity system. This in turn was surpassed 

 by the endless chain of metal buckets revolving over a 

 wheel turned by hand. This was succeeded by the chain 

 pump with its saucer-like carriers so well remembered as 

 preceding the plunger pump, which sucks the water up 

 and delivers it through a spout to be conducted wherever 

 wanted. This method is most commonly used at the pres- 

 ent time, and the power is furnished by hand, windmill, 

 engine or other sources. The gravity system, however, is 



the most economical but not always feasible, as the ten- 

 dency of man is to build his home, barns, factories, etc., 

 upon high land. This is overcome, however, by the hy- 

 draulic ram. 



The hydraulic ram, from all information obtainable, 

 was invented by John Whitehurst, of Derby, in 1775. 

 The machine he is given credit of inventing required an 

 attendant to open and close the impetus valve. The first 

 automatic hydraulic ram was invented by Joseph Michael 

 de Montgolfier in 1796, and upon his principle is based 

 the principle of the Humphreys Improved Hydraulic Ram. 

 Humphreys' Improved Hydraulic Ram is one of the sim- 

 plest, and at the same time one of the most unfamiliar of 

 all the various forms of pumping machinery. It is an 

 automatic pumping device .which utilizes the power in a 

 moving column of water to pump part of that water to 

 any desired point. It consists essentially of an air cham- 

 ber, an impetus valve and check valve mounted on a 

 suitable base. The ram is placed two feet or more below 

 the level of the source of supply, and is connected to it 

 by means of a pipe, called the drive pipe. 



The operation of the ram is entirely automatic. The 

 impetus valve is a device for suddenly arresting the flow 

 of water to the ram. The water flows through the ram 

 until its momentum is sufficient to close the valve. The 

 valve closes suddenly, and on account of the inertia of 

 the moving water, the pressure within the ram is in- 

 creased to several times that due to the weight of the 

 water alone. This increased pressure causes the check 

 valve, under the air chamber, to open, thereby permitting 

 a portion of the water to flow into the air chamber. This 

 compresses the air in the air chamber until its pressure 

 is equivalent to that produced by the sudden closing of 

 the impetus valve. The sudden stopping of the flow of 

 water produces what is virtually a recoil in the moving 

 column of water. This tends to decrease the pressure, or 

 to create a vacuum under the check valve and impetus 

 valve, thereby closing the check valve in the air chamber 

 and entrapping the water therein. This decrease of pres- 

 sure under the impetus valve causes it to open. This 

 again permits the water to flow into the impetus valve as 

 before, until it is closed by the momentum of the water. 

 When in operation, the impetus valve rises and falls at a 

 uniform rate, which may be abjusted to meet the condi- 

 tions. Every time the impetus valve closes, the check 

 valve opens to admit the water to the air chamber. The 

 delivery pipe to the storage tank is attached to the air 

 chamber below the water level. The air under compres- 

 sion in the air chamber forces the water through the de- 

 livery pipe in a steady stream to the point desired. The 

 impetus valve is so designed that, by the action of the 

 water, is is caused to partially rotate at each stroke, 

 thereby insuring even uniform wear upon the seat. 



The action of the ram is entirely automatic. It will 

 pump night and day for months without attention, except 

 perhaps an occasional visit of inspection. A constant air 

 supply is assured for the ram by an automatic intake 

 valve located on the base of the ram, adjacent to the air 

 chamber. It opens and closes with each complete stroke 

 of the impetus valve and prevents the air chamber from 

 filling completely with water, due to the gradual absorp- 

 tion of the air. A small spray of water will escape from 

 the valve at each stroke, showing that it is working 

 properly. 



The efficiency of the ram varies with the ratio of the 

 vertical head on the ram to the vertical distance pumped. 

 As a means of lifting water, it is more efficient than any 

 other device working under similar conditions. 



The Humphreys' Improved Hydraulic Ram is of ex- 

 ceedingly simple construction. The air chamber and the 

 body of the ram are made of the best gray cast iron, and 

 the impetus valve is made of brass, which is best adapted 

 to meet the wear upon it. The base and air chamber are 

 practically indestructible, and the valves will last for years. 

 The facts that tell of an improved hydraulic ram are that 

 the cost of same is limited to the first cost, which is very 

 slight indeed in comparison with the cost of windmills, 

 gas engines or motors with pumps, that would be re- 

 quired for the same duty; also no cost of operation after 

 once installed; no attendants required, and adjustable to 



(Continued on page 382.) 



