APPENDIX. 441 



the young Mourning Warblers (Geothlypis Philadelphia), who 

 have no gray ( ?) or black, though recognizable from their 

 shape and proportions, unless confused with the " Yellow- 

 throats." 



Tanagridce or tanagers ( 10). Class first. 



Ampelidaz or waxwings (11). J The young of these fami- 



Hirundinidce or siuallows ( 12). f lies are recognizable from 



Vireonidce or vireos ( 13). ( their likeness to their pa- 



Laniidce or shrikes ( 14). ) rents. 



Fringillidce or finches ( 15). The young Pine Finch (Chry- 

 somitris pinus) often resembles the young " Red-polls " (^Egi- 

 othi), but these species, unless very young, show respectively 

 more or less 3 r ellow or carmine. Our sparrows are separable 

 into two groups, with the wings decidedly longer than the tail 

 (genera Ammodromus, Coturniculus, Passerculus, and Pooe- 

 cetes), and with the wing equal to or shorter than the tail 

 (genera Melospiza, Spizella, and Zonotrichia) . The young Yel- 

 low-winged Sparrow (C. passerinus) is spotted, but never 

 streaked, beneath. In the second group, the Spizellce are char- 

 acterized by their forked tails. The j'oung >f pusilla maybe 

 told from that of social-is by the reddish bill, and (faint) streaks 

 on the crown, instead of on the rump (?). Young monticola 

 has the " breast, throat, and crown, streaked." Young Melo- 

 spiza palustris (or Swamp Sparrow) is also streaked beneath. 

 Other young finches are more easily recognized. In the Tow- 

 hee Bunting (Piftilo erythropthalmus) " very young birds are 

 streaked brown and dusky above, below whitish tinged with 

 brown and streaked with dusky ; but this plumage, correspond- 

 ing to the very early speckled condition of thrushes and war- 

 blers, is of brief duration ; sexual distinctions may be noted 

 in birds just from the nest, and they rapidly become much like 

 the adults." (Cones.) 



Alaudidoe, or larks ( 16). Young easity recognized. 



Icteridce or starlings ( 17). Young like the females, but, in 

 the Cow-bird, streaked. 



Corvidce, or crows and jays ( 18). Class third (?). In 

 the Canada Jay (Perisoreus Canadensis), the young are said to 

 be quite distinct, being much darker, duller, and browner. 

 Tyrannidce or flycatchers (19). In many species, the young 

 have rufous or ochrey edgings, especially on the wings. 



The young of all our picarian birds ( 20-25) are easily 

 identified, except those of certain woodpeckers (Picidw, 25). 

 In our 'species of Picus, "young with the crown mostly red or 

 bronzy, or even yellowish." (Coues.) Young Sphyrapici have 



