ELEMENTS OF MAMMALIAN ANATOMY. 



A tubercle is a small and usually more 

 or less pointed process. 



A condyle is a rounded and somewhat 

 elongated smooth articular process. The 

 distal end of the femur presents a pair 

 of condyles (Fig. 40). 



A fossa is an irregular depressed area 

 (Fig. 30). 



A foramen is an aperture for the pas- 

 sage of vessels or nerves. 



The shaft is the body or middle por- 

 tion of an elongated bone. 



The head is a spheroidal prominence 

 at one end of an elongated bone (Fig. 

 40). 



The epiphysis is a small process of 

 bone ossified from a separate center. In 

 the young animal it is attached to the 

 main bone by cartilage, but in the adult 

 becomes a part of the main bone (Fig. 

 12). The femur has four epiphyses, 

 one for the head, one for the distal ex- 

 tremity, and one for each trochanter proc- 

 ess (Fig. 40). With the exception of 

 the phalanges, metacarpals, and metatar- 

 sals, all of the long bones have an epi- 

 physis at each extremity. In the human, 

 these epiphyses do not unite with the 

 shaft before the sixteenth year. Diploe 

 is the spongy layer of bone between the 

 compact surface layers of the flat bones 

 (Fig. 18). 



The articulation of a bone has reference to its contact 

 with other bones by means of joints. 



FIG. 13. LONGI- 

 TUDINAL SECTION 

 OF THE FEMUR. 



md, Medullary cav- 

 ity; d and h, 

 cancellous t i s - 

 sue; tr, cancel- 

 lous tissue of 

 trochanter proc- 

 ess ; b, compact 

 bony tissue. 



