THE SKELETON. 



45 



jects caudad from the body, which is flattened dorsoventrally. 



FIG. 24. LATERAL ASPECT OF THE Axis. 



ar. st, Anterior articular process; od. pr, odontoid process ; /. sp, neural 

 spine or spinous process ; p. zg, posterior articular process ; trs. pr, 

 transverse process; vrt. c, transverse foramen. 



This process is pierced at its base by the transverse foramen. 



The remaining five cervicals 

 are very similar to one another. 

 The seventh has no transverse 

 foramen. The spinous processes 

 grow successively longer from 

 the third to the seventh (Fig. 21). 

 The transverse processes of the 

 fourth and fifth are bifurcated, 

 the dorsal branch being called 

 the transverse clement and the 

 ventral one the costal element, 

 since it is really the rudiment of 

 a rib. The transverse process of 

 the fifth ends in three branches. 

 The following features are com- 

 mon to all thirteen thoracic ver- 

 tebrae : a spinous process, pro- 

 jecting from the dorsum of the 

 neural arch; two cranial articular processes, facing dorsad 

 or dorsolaterad ; two caudal articular processes, facing ven- 



ce 



FIG. 25. LATEROCAUDAL AS- 

 PECT OF THE SECOND 

 THORACIC VERTEBRA. 



tr, Transverse process; nc, 

 neural canal ; ce, facet for 

 tubercle of rib; ar, pos- 

 terior articular process ; 

 s, spinous process ; c, 

 centrum ; n, interverte- 

 bral notch ; e, pedicle ; /, 

 lamina. 



