INCREASING MANUFACTURES 27 



averaged 490,000 metric tons for the period 1881-5, 

 had risen for the period of 1906-10 to an average 

 annual production of nearly 3 million metric 

 tons. Likewise, India produced 6J- million tons 

 of coal in 1901 and 12 million tons in 1910, and 

 her output of manganese ore rose from 157,000 

 tons in 1901 to 800,000 tons in 1910. The 

 industrial development of Japan is another 

 instance of the same kind. 



Increased expenditure on articles of food which 

 do not come within the category of necessities 

 is another factor which tends to divert the rural 

 population from the production of staple food- 

 stuffs. Production and consumption on an 

 enormous scale of apples and canned fruits 

 have resulted in California's diminished wheat 

 output. 



The dictum of the earlier economists that 

 other countries would dig and delve to supply 

 us with raw materials for our manufactures and 

 food-stuffs for our industrial population does 

 not now apply. With the exception of the 

 Argentine, where coal and iron ore have not yet 

 been discovered, the whole world is becoming 

 industrialised, and seems to be following the 

 example we have set them, developing minerals 

 and manufactures and utilising their food-stuffs 

 to support their growing industrial population. 



In considering the countries which have a 



