LIVE-STOCK AND DAIRYING. 345 



used both for milk and beef, and their form should 

 be judged from both the dairy and beef cattle stand- 

 points. 



Breeds of Dual- Purpose} Red Polls Developed in England. 



Cattle. | Brown Swiss. . . .Developed in Switzerland. 



Red Polls. This breed is red in color and has no 

 horns. 



Brown Swiss. The colors of this breed are mostly 

 shades of brown, although gray colors are sometimes 

 seen. They usually have a light-colored stripe along 

 the back. Some families of the Shorthorns and Polled 

 Durhams have the qualities of dual-purpose cattle. 



Sell Unprofitable Cows. Any dairy cow to be profit- 

 able should produce at least 250 pounds of butter in a 

 year. The only way to weed out inferior cows from a 

 herd of dairy cows is to keep a record of the milk each 

 cow gives, as well as the butter fat which it contains, 

 selling unprofitable cows to the butcher. 



EXERCISE. Name the breeds of cattle with which you are familiar. 

 Which type of cattle is the more common in your neighborhood? 

 Why is this type popular? What breed of cattle predominates in 

 your state? Why? What season of the year do the people at your 

 home market cattle? Are they grass fed entirely? What price do 

 beef cattle sell for? Are they marketed at home or are they shipped 

 away? Do you live in a dairy state? Are there any farmers in 

 your section who keep a strict account of the milk and butter fat 

 production of their cows? 



The pupil should be required to know the name and location of 

 each part of the beef and dairy animal ; also the name and location 

 of each cut of beef. How do the prices of the different cuts of 

 beef on the Chicago retail market compare with those of your 

 local butcher? Should the dairy cow be handled gently? Why? 

 The pupil should score beef and dairy animals. 



SECTION LVI. TYPES AND BREEDS OF SHEEP. 



By MR. JOSEPH E. WING, 

 Staff Correspondent Breeders' Gazette. 



History of Sheep. For more centuries than written 

 history goes back sheep have been the companions of 

 men. No domestic animal has been more changed by 



