LABOEATOEY MANUAL 



face and the cranium. The face is composed of a num- 

 ber of irregular bones. The cranium consists of a 

 number of flat bones, sutured together to form a strong 

 covering for the brain. 



B. Trunk. The trunk consists of the spinal column, 

 breast-bone, and ribs. 



The spinal column is composed of a number of 

 irregular bones called vertebrae. The upper seven 

 are the neck, or cervical vertebrae. The next twelve 

 to which the ribs are attached are the dorsal vertebrae. 

 The five following are the lumbar vertebrae. The next 

 five in the adult are grown together, forming the 

 sacrum. This is followed by four small vertebrae united 

 to form the coccyx. 



How do the lower vertebrae compare in size with 

 the upper? What are the advantages of this arrange- 

 ment ? 



Note the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae. 

 What is their purpose? Through the center of this 

 chain of bones is a canal which contains the spinal 

 cord. How many curves in the backbone ? Of what 

 advantage are the curves? Note the flat breast-bone. 

 Of how many bones is it composed? What bones are 

 attached to it? 



How many ribs are there ? Where are they attached ? 

 How many have one end free? What is their general 

 shape ? 



C. Limbs. The shoulder consists of the shoulder 

 blade and collar bone. Locate these. Note the socket 



