16 



32. Hordemn vulgare : natural order, Graminece. For botanical des- 



cription of barley see Field and Garden 

 Crops, part I, page 9, and plate II. 



The chemical analysis of the husked grain is 



Per cent. 

 Water ... ... ... ... ... 12'5 



Albuminoids ... ... ... 11*8 



Starch ... ... ... ... ... 70'0 



Fat ... ... ... ... ... 1'3 



Fibre ... ... ... ... ... 2-6 



Ash ... ... ... ... ... 2-1 



Barley is, speaking generally, a much more important crop in the cis-Sutlej 

 than in the trans-Sutlej districts. As an unirrigated crop it is often grown 

 mixed with wheat, gram, or masri. There is a bpardlcss variety known as 

 paighambari or Kdbtili. Barley can be sown much later than wheat, in some 

 of the western districts as late as the middle of January, and, except when 

 sown late, it ripens much earlier. Hence it is useful to supply tenants and the 

 poorer landowners with food before wheat becomes available. The grain is 

 also commonly given to horses. Purser quotes a Montgomery proverb 



" Jau kache, pakke, daddare, jo joban turiyan." 



" Unripe, ripe, half ripe barley, whatever excellence it possesses is 

 only for horses." 



The dry straw or turi is an excellent fodder used in the same way as wheat. 

 Being less valuable than wheat a greater proportion of the barley grown is 

 used for green fodder. It is sometimes sown for this purpose with other fodder 

 crops in cotton fields while the cotton is still standing. 



The area under barley in rabi 1911 was 1,003,429 acres. In Hissar 

 and Gurgaon it covers a much larger acreage than wheat. The crops with the 

 largest areas were 



Acres. 

 Hissar... ... ... ... ... 167,865 



Gurgaon ... ... ... ... 15], 086 



Ferozepore ... ... ... ... 149,805 



The next largest areas were in Sialkot (59,147) and Kangra (54,986). 



33. Avena sativa : natural order, Graminece. For botanical description 



see Field and Garden Crops, part I, 



Jawi: synonym i<n. , , , TTT 



page 13, and plate III. 



Oats have been introduced into the Punjab and are cultivated to a small 

 extent for green fodder. 



The wild oats, gandal (Avena fatua), sometimes seen in wheat fields, is 

 an introduced weed, which is considered good fodder in California (see Duthie's 

 Fodder Grasses of Northern India, page 51). 



CHAPTER III. PULSES. 



34. The value of pulses as food for cattle is enormous, and the extent to 



vatee of mixed crops of cereals and pulses, which they are grown alone or mixed 



with cereals, cotton, etc., is a marked 



feature of the agriculture of the Punjab. The value of the practice of sowing 

 pulses with other crops is great. An excellent statement of the case will be 

 found on pages 141-43 of Moreland's " Agriculture of the United Provinces." 

 Briefly it may be summed up as follows : 



(a) Insurance. The pulses generally want less moisture than the 

 crops whose companions they are, and gram, or mash, or miing 

 may survive when wheat, or cotton, or joicdr has dried 

 up. 



