27 



Owing to its popularity in the new canal colonies toria now covers a 

 larger area than sarson. The area given in statement II is 440,701 acres. 



In rabi 1910-11 the area sown with toria was returned as 192 140 acres 

 in Lyallpur, 81,472 acres in Shahpur, 59,224 acres in Lahore, and 24 378 

 acres in Amritsar. 



The area for the whole province was probably about 400,000 acres. 



Other sources of oil-cake. 58> Ifc ma 7 De as Well to note here 



the other sources of oil-cake. 



The chief is til (Sesamum indicum : natural order, Pedalineai}, which is 

 specially valued for use in the cold weather. 



Alsi (Linum usitatissimum : natural order, Linacece) is another source. 



Gonglu, synonyms shalgam, sag, gamTraf. 59> ^OSSica CampesMs ', 



species napus. The chemical composi- 

 tion of the root is 



Per cent. 

 Water ... ... ... ... ... 90-4 



Albuminoids ... ... ... ... ]-Q 



Fatty and heating matters ... ... ... 7-9 



Inorganic matters ... ... ... ... Q'7 



The importance of turnips as food for cattle in the districts of the 

 Multan division is very great. They are also largely grown in Shahpur, 

 Lahore, Gujranwala, Mianwali, and Gujrat. On page 222 of the Multan 

 Gazetteer Mr. Maclagan wrote : 



" The Multan district grows more turnips than any district in the Punjab. This crop 

 represents 6'3 per cent, of the cultivation, and its function is to keep the cattle alive when 

 tiiejowdr fodder is finished, until the wheat and wheat straw are available. It is used to 

 a small extent as food, the stalks (gandal) being cooked and the roots being eaten either raw 

 or cooked, but it is not cultivated with this object. There are two varieties, the red 

 and the white, of which the white are said to be the better and the more widely cultivated. 

 The crop needs a fair amount of water and is rarely found outside the reach of well 

 irrigation ....... The ploughings begin in July and the seed is sown shortly after. The crop 



receives six or seven waterings during the autumn and winter ; it is manured if possible, 

 and sometime* weeded. The roots are not taken up at one time and stacked, but are pulled 

 from time to time from the end of November onwards, and given at once to the cattle. 

 As a rule the tops and roots are given together, but sometimes the tops are cut and fed off 

 separately, while the roots remain in the ground. The plants are never thinned or transplanted. 

 The crop is sometimes grown along with other crops such as metkra, gram, sathri and 

 ussun." 



With this may be compared the late Mr. Steedman's account of the 

 crop on page 89 of his Settlement Report of Jhang : 



" Turnips are on well lands a most important crop in this district. The well oxen are 

 very heavily worked during the wheat sowings and the first waterings, and require a 

 large amount of strengthening food. This is furnished by the jowdr and turnip crops. 

 There is nothing else. If the turnips fail, or are late as they often are, owing to the failure 

 of the first sowings, the working power of the bullocks is materially weakened, and the area 

 under wheat docs not get properly watered. Turnips, raw and cooked, are also eaten 

 largely by the tenants during the cold weather. To them, no less than to the bullocks, a bad 

 turnip crop is a serious misfortune. 



" The best land on the well, well ploughed and liberally manured, is allotted to this 

 crop. The land will generally have been ploughed up after rain once before_ the seed time 

 arrives. The land is then irrigated and ploughed from three to six times with one or two 

 rollings in between, if there are any clods to be broken up. The seed is sown broadcast, 

 mixed with sand or earth or manure. Then the soil is once more rolled, and the irrigation 

 beds and channels are made. If the soil has now become somewhat dry, a watering is given 

 at once, but usually the first watering is given a few days after the plants have come up. 

 "When turnips are sown on well lands in soil that has been ploughed up once or twice previously 

 a couple of plou<*hings are given, and then the well beds and irrigation channels are 

 banked up. * * 



