9 



metJira until tlie wheat crop is cut in April. During a large part of the year 

 therefore the well cattle are stall-fed ; and it is as a rule only when there is 

 wheat stubhle or peas or fresh grass on the ground that they get anything 

 like sufficient grazing. In addition to the peas, wheat, china, jowar, and 

 turnips ahove mentioned there are several other crops used wholly or partly for 

 fodder, such as raiodn, mash, niasar, gram, senji, methra, and swank. Some- 

 times crops, such asjowdr and turnips, shrivel up when young and become 

 actually poisonous to cattle ; this is called patha lagna. Cattle can graze 

 freely among indigo plants, so long as they have not begun to seed, without 

 injuring the crop." 



18. The food of plough and well 

 oxen is 



Multan and Muzaffargarh (based on a note by Eai 

 Bahadur Tilok Chand). 



Months. 



Grain. 



Fodder. 



Baisakh and Jeth .., 

 Har to Asoj 



Katak and Magghar 



Fob. and Magh 

 Phagan and Chait ., 



Half to 1 ser of Ickali daily 



None 



One ter of gram or wheat to eacli 

 working bullock. 



One ser of linola to working 

 cattle, if they aeein weak. 



None ... 



Bliusa. 



Chari, jowdr, moth, if available ; otherwise 



bhiisa. 



CTiari, if available ; otherwise l&usa, enji 

 fodder in second fortnight of Muglmr, if 

 available. 



Senji. Turnips alone or mixed with sarr 

 grass or bKiisa. 



Green wheat mixed in first fortnight of 

 Phagan with sarr grass- or Ihusa. 



While in milk a cow gets half a ser of oil-cake and a ser of grain, and a 

 female buffalo double these quantities. In Poh and Magh when fed on turnips 

 a cow gets a ser of binola and a milch buffalo 2 sers. 



CHAPTER II. CEREALS. 



19. In temperate climates grasses or flowering plants of the natural 



order Graminese occupy the land to 

 cereals and pulses. an extenfc far exceeding any other 



class of herbs. Probably plants of the order Leguminosa3 occupy the second 

 place. It is a striking fact that grasses (cereals) and leguminous plants 

 (pulses) supply all that is necessary to man and beast for food except in 

 very cold climates, and that the two classes supplement each other, the 

 element which is in defect in most cereals being in excess in the pulses. 

 This chapter and the next deal with the cereals and pulses which supply food 

 to cattle. 



20. Zeamays: natural order Grammcce. For botanical description see 



Fuller and Duthie's Field and Garden 



Makki, synonyms Mian, totri, jovdr (Jul or). ^^ rf ^ North . WeS tern Provinces, 



part I, page 21, and plate V. 



Chemical composition of grain 



Per cent. 



Water -. 

 Albuminoids 

 Starch... 

 Oil ... 

 Fibre ... 

 Ash 



12-5 

 9-5 



70-7 

 3-6 

 2-0 

 1-7 



The dry stalks, TcarU, are only indifferent fodder, and should be mixed 

 with green food. Purser notes on page 178 of the Jullundur Gazetteer 

 " when ripe the leaves and thinner parts of the stalk are fair fodder, but 

 inferior tojowdr. The harder parts of the stalk are rejected by cattle, and 



