3 



15. The livestock of the Rawalpindi district, both oxen and cows, is 



of very poor quality and little regarded. 



"In April, May and June plough 



bullocks get bhusa or chopped straw, and while in work half a ser of khal or 

 oil-cake. Bullocks used as beasts of burden usually get a small feed of grain 

 daily as well. In July and August they are fed on green grass, and from Sep- 

 tember to March on the straw of autumn crops known as tanda (jowdr and 

 bdjra) and missa (the straw of moth). Favourite and valuable animals are 

 also occasionally allowed to graze in jmodr and moth fields when the crops 

 are still young. Sarson and occasionally young wheat are also used as fodder 

 for bullocks. In the hills more grass is used and less of other kinds of fodder." 



16. When not in milk a cow is left to shift for herself pretty much, 

 . , . _ ' going out with the cattle of the village 



Montgomery Purser's Settlement Report, pagos fa.). ,-,- . ... =>. , 



to graze. However when in milk, if 



the owner is fairly off and she has not many rivals, she will get some boiled 

 cotton seed (varenva), about 1 ser per diem in Poh, and in Jeth and Har 

 as much ground gram or barley soaked in water, and will in other respects 

 be treated as her owner's bullocks, sharing with them and the buffaloes the 

 oil-cake (khal) he may possess. As a rule a cow is well off, if she gets some 

 chopped straw in addition to what she can pick up in the fields . . . . , 



....... . . . . . Bullocks are fed four times a day, in the 



morning and evening, at noon, and before the owner goes to bed. They very 

 seldom get any grain, if ever, but they may como in for some raw cotton seed in 

 Poh. ... A bullock will eat from 12 to 15 sers of broken straw per diem, 



or about double that quantity of green fodder. Its food consists chiefly of 

 broken straw of sorts, turnips, chari, green wheat, and dry jowdr stalks. 

 Its food during the year commencing with Chaitr or the middle of March 

 may be taken as follows : 



Chaitr ... ", Green wheat, methra, carrots (rare). 



Baisakh ... ... Wheat straw, dry turi, grazes in stubble 



fields. 



Har ... ... Ditto. If| there has been rain, the 



bullocks are turned out to graze. 



Sawan-Bhadon ... Graze as before. If there has been no rain, 



turi, chari or china sown in Jeth, and 

 kept over is given. 



Asoj .., ... Kangni straw or chari sown in Sawan. 



Katak ... ,.. Chari sown in Sawan or straw of china 



sown in Bhadon. Bullocks also graze 



in stubble fields. 



Magghar ,.. ... Chari or china straw. Also rice straw, if 



available. 



... ... Turi mixed with green wheat. Tops of 



turnips. 



Magh .., ... Turi mixed with green wheat and roots of 



turnips. 

 Phagan ... ... Green wheat, turnips and methra at the 



end of the month. 



It is not uncommon on the Ravi to turn the cattle out 

 into the young fields of gram, massar, etc., to graze. 



17. In an ordinary holding in this district the well cattle will be fed in 



Mnitan (Gazetteer, edition 1901-02, pages 225-26). April on peas or methra, and, as the 



, , . . . ^ r wheat is cut, they get grazing in the 



stubble ; in May and June they graze in the wheat stubble or get fed on china 



or pea straw; in July they get the early jowdr and wheat straw is also avail- 



able ; from August to December they get jowdr or green grass or bdjra stalks 



and when green food is not available, then wheat straw or dried jowdr is given 



to them. With December begins the turnip season, and as the turnips give 



{rat, green wheat is supplied as far as necessary, or the cattle receive peas ad 



