5 



buffaloes are in milk they get khali or oil-cake and binola or cotton seed. A 

 cow gets half a scr of khali and one ser of binola, and a female buffalo twice 

 these quantities. Khali is also sometimes given to working bullocks in 

 Baisakh and Jeth when they are employed in threshing grain. It is supposed 

 to be cooling. The oil-cake used in 'Ferozepore is til in winter and sarson or 

 taramira in summer. The milch kine are looked after very carefully in winter 

 and get gram or gwara as well as oil-cake and cotton seed. In the Bet the 

 zamindars cannot afford to give their well bullocks much grain. But if they 

 are in hard work and are getting weak, a ser of gram or wheat is given daily. 

 This is generally done in the ploughing season for rabi crops (Asoj and Katak')' 

 Milch kine in the Bet do not get oil-cake or cotton seed, but they get a ser of 

 grain daily for two or three months in the cold weather. The zamindars, when 

 they run short of bhusa, as often happens, use sarr grass (Saccharum c'iliare), 

 cut into small pieces mixed with green chart, sarson, taramira, or green wheat 

 (cf. paragraph 19 of Steedman's Settlement Report of Jhanf. The Bet 

 zamindars grow turnips as fodder, usually three gluimaos on each well, and 

 feed the cattle on them for a month or a month and-a-half in Poh arid Ma'gh. 



In the south of the Perozepore district the camel is used for ploughing 

 and riding as well as for carrying burdens. They get gram and gwar grain and 

 the straw of gwar, moth and gram. 



11. The feeding 



Ludhiana. 



5 of bullocks is described in paragraph 131 of Mr. (now 

 Sir Thomas; Gordon Walker's Settle- 



ment Report : 



"In the months of Baisakh, Jeth, Har (April June) the cattle are fed on dry straw 

 and grain, the new straw of the rabi coming in by the first of these months. This is the 

 worst time for them, and the working cattle could not get on without the ser or two sers of 

 grain that they get daily. In Sawan and Bhadon there is good grass in the waste if any is 

 left, and in the fields intended for the next rabi, where it is allowed to grow till the time of 

 the Sawan ploughing. The cattle are grazed on this, and it is also grubbed up and given to 

 them in the stall, the grain being stopped. Cutting grass is the work in Jat villages of the 

 women who are out all day in the fields, collecting bundles. The cattle have very light work 

 in these two months, because the wells are not working ; and between this and the new grass 

 they put on condition. In Asoj and half of Katak (September to October) green fodder, 

 either " cJiari" alone or mixed with moth, &c., is given ; and this is perhaps the best time of the 

 whole year for the cattle. At the end of Katak the " chari," &c., is cut and stored ; and 

 during Magghar, Poh, Magh, and Phagun the dry stalks of chari, maize, &c., are given, and, 

 if necessary, straw. The straw is either white (" sufed bhusa "), that of barley and wheat, or 

 " missa," i.e,, of moth, mash, &c., coloured straw. The latter, especially the moth straw, is said 

 to be very strengthening. In the month of Chait (March) patches of green fodder are grown 

 at the wells, either " met ha," " senji," &c., or carrots ; and green wheat or barley is also given, 

 but not commonly in an ordinary year." 



The grain that is given is gram coarsely ground sprinkled on the turi. 

 They are also given a little oil-cake. 



Mr. Dunnett has supplied me with the following account of the feeding 

 of milch kine in Ludhiana : 



" Milch cattle in this district are generously fed. The basis of their food is of course 

 turi and the straw of pulses, and they get some of the maize stalks and the metha. But they 

 are not usually allowed to have any of the gwara. That fodder is filling and improves the 

 appearance, but is said to be in reality weakening and prejudicial to a good milk yield. Turi 

 reinforced with grain, khali, and binola are given. The grain is always gram. Jowdr grain 

 causes swelling in the mouth and throat (I am merely repeating what is said), and gives little 

 milk. The grain of pulses is hot, and dries up the milk. Frequently all three (gram, linola 

 and khali) are mixed with the turi, but more usually khali is moistened and mixed with turi, 

 and gram dta is then sprinkled over it. The calculation is that gram is feeding and streng- 

 thening, while khali and linola improve the quantity of milk and increase the percentage o 

 butter. ' A little gur is sometimes given. Only the eastern half of the district grows cotton 

 to any extent ; all the cotton is sold in Khanna, and the binola has to be brought back from 

 the factories. The people of the western half of the district get binola from Khanna and 

 Ludhiana, and consequently do not feed it freely to the cattle." 



J3. Trans-Sutlej districts. 



12. "During Baisakh, Jeth and Har (middle of April to middle 



of July) the broken straw of wheat 



Jullundur (Gazetteer, page. 1 j g ^ Q principal food (of the Cattle). 



Broken barley, massar, and gram straw may also be given, but barley 



