cake or peameal of gram. In famines the cattle will eat almost anything. 

 The sacred pipala are stripped, and even the thorny htns (Capparis sepiaria) is 

 cut up and given to the starving beasts. Where sugarcane is grown it is 

 cut down to keep the bullocks alive." 



8. " The grazing on such waste as there is is supplemented by the 



grazing on cultivated lands lying 



Gurgaon (Gazetteer, page I gJ"J ^ ^ ^ ^ole grazing 18 



inadequate. In consequence the cattle have to be largely stall-fed, and consi- 

 derable areas of crops are grown exclusively for fodder. Chari, gwdr, and kdsni 

 are exclusively fodder crops, while of other crops most of the peas, carrots, and 

 turnips, about one-quarter of the sarson and autumn pulses, and small quantities 

 of barley and gram are given to the cattle. To these must be added the stalks 

 of jo war ami bujra, the straw of the autumn pulses and rabi cereals, cotton 

 seed, oil-cake, and pala. In good years all the above sources supply the zamin- 

 dars with an abundance of good fodder, but, if the rains fail, a dearth of fodder 

 and terrible loss of cattle result. When fodder is scarce the cattle are fed on 

 branches of trees, roots of pula, etc." 



9. " The cattle of the district are in some respects illcared for. They 



are left to stand in filthy enclosures 



Kohtak (Gazetteer, paragraph 129). , > i i c 



(neora or vgar), ankle-deep in half- 



liquid manure. They are chiefly stall-fed, chopped joicdr stalks (sani) being 

 the principal fodder, while in season the top leaves of tbe cane Avill be mixed, 

 or some green sarson toppings. Working stock will get half a ser to a ser of 

 gram a day, and a little gur, and milch cattle also eat cotton seed (hi/tola) and 

 oil-cake (klial), while the straw of gwar (phalidr) and of tnung and tird 

 (patti) and of gram (Mar) are highly valued for cattle, and the wild jlidrleri 

 jis given for its milk-producing qualities. Best fed and best tended is th? 

 buffalo, and every day the village urchins may be seen careiully washing them 

 in the tanks. In the morning the cattle are turned out for exercise, and to 

 pick up what they can in the waste ground of the village, but there are few 

 patches of jungle which produce more than indifferent grass. When the crops 

 are off the fields the stubble is grazed by all the cattle of the village. 



The jowdr and bdjra stalks of a good year are usually counted to be 

 sufficient for the current and one following year, though in a rain-land village, 

 where the area under these crops is larger, it will last rather longer. Bujra 

 fodder is not used so long as the jowdr lasts." 



10. (Based en a note by Kai Bahadur Tilok Chand, Sub-Divisional 



Officer of Fazilka.) The cattle of the 

 Uplands or Eohi are of the Hissar and 



Nagore breed, and much finer than those of the Bet. A zamindar with a 

 pair of bullocks would usually also keep a cow, a female buffalo, and some 

 calves. Their food would be as follows : 



No. 



Months. 



Grain. 



Straw. 



Baisakh (16th April 15th May) 



Jeth (16th May 15th June) 



Ear to Asoj (16th June 15th Octoher) 



Katak and Magghar (16th October 15th 



December). 

 Poh and Magh (16th December 15th 



I'Vliruavy). 



Pliugan aud Chait (16th February 15th 

 April). 



No grain, except to milch cattle, which get 



grain and nil-cake. 

 Khali and grain to working and milch 



cattle. 

 Two sfrs of pram or gwdra daily to each 



working animal or to milch kiue wlen 



prcgneut or giving milk. 

 No grain, as gmt'fa, (see next column) is 



considered a rich food. 

 As No. 1 



No grain 



Graze in rtuhble of 



wheat and gram. 

 BTiusa. 



Cfinri, if available ; 

 otherwise bhuxa. 



Gwdra. 

 Bhusa, 



Green wheat (TeTiawM ) 

 or green gram. 



Half-ground gram (dta) is generally used and it is often mixed with 

 bhusa. The grain oigwdra is boiled before it is given to cattle. While cows and 



* fc'ce paragraph 3. 



