8 



is not fodder, but the leaves and stalks, and in the case of mash the broken pods 

 left after threshing are fodder. Cotton-seed is not fodder, and according to our 

 definition oil-cake is also excluded, because it is the refuse left after grain has 

 been expressed from the ripe seeds of certain crops. The number of purely 

 fodder crops in the Punjab is really very small consisting of some of the pulses 

 and one or two other plants. But any account of fodder crops would be in- 

 complete which did not notice the use as fodder of the straw of crops whose 

 grain is mainly used as human food. And it will be convenient also to mention 

 the crops from which oil-cake is derived, especially as the chief of them also 

 supply green food and roots for cattle. 



classification of dry fodder. 5 - Dry fodder may he broadly 



classified as 



(a) bhtisa, bhits, bho, or Ikon. Broken straw of those cereals and 



pulses of which the straw is threshed with the grain. Of this 

 there are two main divisions 



(1) turi or sufed bhusa, which is the straw of wheat and barley, 



and 



(2) missa bhi'tsa, which is the broken leaves, straw, and pods of 



moth, mting, mash, masar, and gram ; 



(b) tdnda or stalks of maize, bajra and jowar, which are not threshed 



with the grain. These are usually fed to cattle after bein g 

 chopped up into small pieces : 



(c) pardl or pardli, which is the straw of rice. 



6. Speaking generally, the people feed cows and still more buffaloes 



when in milk better than they do their 



Cattle feeding in different parts, of the Punjab. , - , .. . .. J 



plough and well bullocks. The zamin- 



dars of the cis-Suttlej districts are better stock-keepers than those of the 

 Punjab proper. The care which a peasant in Rohtak bestows on his female, 

 buffalo is remarkable, and even in seasons of severe drought one sees them 

 coming out of the village sleek and well favoured. The feeding of cattle on 

 turnip roots is far more common in the western districts than elsewhere, and it 

 is in the same districts that peas (chural and matar), and, so far as the plains 

 are concerned, the inferior cereals, known as china and swtfnk, are most in use. 

 Some extracts and notes are appended regarding cattle-feeding in some 



(1) cis-Sutlej, 



(2) trans-Sutlej, 

 districts. J 



A. Cis-Sutlej districts. 



7. " The fodder of the autumn crops consists of the stalks (tdnda) of the 



great millets and of maize, which are 



Karnal (Gazetteer, edition of 1890, paragraph arefully stack cd On end in a stack Called 



chhor ; of rice straw, which is merely piled up in a heap (Icunjra) ; and of the 

 bhtis or broken straw of the pulses. The spring crops give bhus only, also 

 called turi if of wheat or barley. 



Stems of millet and maize are chopped up into small pieces (sani or kuti) 

 before being given to the cattle. An ox doing ordinary work will eat 20 sers 

 of Tass and a ser of grain daily ; if working at the sugar-mill or well-bucket, 



nearly twice that Of course the fodder varies according to the season. 



The mass of it consists of grass and straw of cereals ; a little pulse straw is 

 always added, and green food when obtainable. In the cold weather methi and 

 rape and carrots, and at all times the weedings, are given to the cattle. 

 Besides this, some cotton seed or oil-cake, or either gwdra, moth, or gram, is 

 daily given. The;best fodder of all is the straw of the small pulses, and is 

 called missa ; after that that of wheat and barley called turi ; after that the 

 jotodr stems or chart. Bdjra stems are seldom given alone. Tbey are chopped 

 up and mixed with one-third of m&ng fodder, or, failing that, with some oil- 



