140 APPLIED SCIENCE 



To illustrate: If excess iron (ferric) hydroxide and ;i limited 

 amount of hydrochloric acid are mixed the result is : 



Fe (OH) 3 + HC1 = FeCl (OH) 2 -f H 2 O 

 or 



/OH /Cl 



Fe OH HC1 Fe OH II 2 O 



\OH \OH 



Ferric Hydrochloric Basic Water 



Hydroxide Acid Ferric 



Chloride 



The most important of the alkalies io caustic soda which 

 is made from soda ash by adding milk of lime (calcium 

 hydroxide) to the solution. 



Na 2 CO 3 + Ca(OH), CaC0 3 + 2 NaOH 



Soda Ash Milk of Calcium Caustic 



Lime Carbonate Soda 



The calcium carbonate separates as a sediment. 



150. Nomenclature of Acids, Salts, and Bases. Acids 

 usually have two names, the chemical and the common. 

 The chemical names are given according to certain rules 

 based upon the elements in the acid. The common name 

 of the acid is the commercial name. 



Binary acids which are compounds of hydrogen and a non- 

 metallic element, are named hydro-ic acids. Thus, hydro- 

 chloric acid is HC1 and hydrobromic acid is HBr. 



When there are three or four acids formed of the same 

 elements, oxygen is one of the elements and is the only 

 element varying in amount, as in: HNO 3 , HNO 2 , HNO; 

 and HC10, HC1O 2 , HC1O 3 , HC1O 4 . 



The one with the most oxygen is called perchloric acid 

 HC1O 4 , "per" meaning " above." The most common 



